Assessing Special Population - Aging

PED4470ASSESSING SPECIAL POPULATIONS - AGING

Kinesiology and Sports Studies Department

Ovande Furtado, M.S.

“If you wait to do everything until you're sure If you wait to do everything until you're sure it's right, you'll probably never do much of it's right, you'll probably never do much of anything.” (Win Borden)anything.” (Win Borden)

Chapter 11 Outline Aging and Fitness Effect of Aging on

Fitness Aerobic Fitness Body Composition Strength Evaluation of Adult

Fitness Evaluation of

Functional Fitness

Aging and Fitness U.S. population is aging

Median age (1990) = 32.9 years Median age (2000) = 35.3 years

1990-2000 saw increase in older adults (65+ years) from 32 million to 35 million

Baby boomers will start retiring from 2011

Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life Need to promote physical activity in order to improve quality of life and independence of older adultsand independence of older adults

Aerobic Fitness Declines with age during adulthood Decline in maximal heart rate is major

contributing factor Other factors: decline in physical activity,

reduction in muscle mass, increase in fat mass Cross-sectional data: decline is 0.4-.05

ml/kg/year Longitudinal data: decline is 0.04 to 1.43

ml/kg/year

Body Composition Body weight and body fatness increase

during adulthood BMI levels off around 45 years in men, and

55 years in women Percent fat levels off during 50s Increase in percent fat:

combination of fat mass increase fat-free mass decrease (especially muscle

mass)

Strength Maximal strength Maximal strength attained between 20 and

30 years of age Gradual decline thereafter (WHY?) Decline in activity appears to be major

factor Manual workers appear to maintain

strength during middle and later adult years Sedentary older adults can gain strength

from training (Tai Chi)

Evaluating Adult Fitness YMCA test battery (all adults) Army Physical Fitness Test (military

personnel) AAHPERD Test (older adults) Senior Fitness Test (older adults) Groningen Test (older adults)

Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Fitness test battery Comprehensive fitness training program Normative database from over 20,000 adults Aerobic fitness

3-minute step test submaximal cycle ergometer test (multistage)

Body composition sum of 3 skinfolds (converted to percent fat) sum of 4 skinfolds (converted to percent fat)

Y’s Way to Physical Fitness Muscular strength

submaximal bench press test to fatigue Muscular endurance

1-minute timed sit-up Flexibility

trunk flexion test

U.S. Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) Maintenance of fitness a requirement of

military personnel APFT consists of three tests Criterion-referenced standards, provided for

age and gender groups Alternative tests are available for medically

excused personnel Personnel over 40 years require

cardiovascular screening prior to testing

Army Physical Fitness Test Push-up test

self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes

Sit-up test self-determined cadence maximum in 2 minutes

2-Mile Run test walking permitted, but discouraged

Army Physical Fitness Test Alternate tests:

800-yard swim test 6.2-mile cycle ergometer test, 2 kilopond

resistance 6.2-mile bicycle test 2.5-mile walk test

Body composition not part of APFT, but must meet percent fat

standards, or go on weight-loss program

Functional Fitness Important for older adults Capacity to meet demands of everyday

functional activities Activities of daily living (ADLs)

Dressing, bathing, cooking, mobility Important to independent living,

reduction in health care costs

Functional Fitness Functional capacity categories:

Physically dependent Physically frail Physically independent Physically fit Physically elite

AAHPERD Test Developed by committee appointed by

AAHPERD Council on Aging and Adult Development

Body composition Ponderal index

Lower body flexibility Trunk/Leg flexibility test

Agility Agility/Dynamic balance test

AAHPERD Test Fine motor abilities

“Soda Pop” Coordination test Upper body strength

Seated Biceps Curl test Aerobic fitness

880-yard walk

Senior Fitness Test Developed over several years, as part of

LifeSpan Project Extensive data collected to evaluate reliability

and validity, and provide norms Detailed description given of test development,

reliability and validity procedures, and theoretical rationale

Thorough consideration given to 11 important test development criteria

Senior Fitness Test Lower body strength

Chair Stand test Upper body strength

Arm Curl test Lower body flexibility

Chair Sit-and-Reach test Upper body flexibility

Scratch test

Senior Fitness Test Aerobic fitness

6-Minute Walk test 2-Minute Step-in-Place test

Agility, dynamic balance 8-Foot Up-and-Go test

Body composition Body Mass Index

Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly Used in longitudinal study of age-related

fitness changes in older adults (Netherlands)

Concurrent validity data obtained by correlating with laboratory tests

Aerobic fitness Walking Endurance test

Upper body strength Grip Strength test

Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly Lower body flexibility

Hip Flexibility test Upper body flexibility

Shoulder Flexibility test Agility and/or Balance

Balance Platform test Fine motor abilities

Manual Dexterity test Reaction Time test

Test Battery ComparisonFitness Component AAHPERD Test Senior Fitness Test Groningen Test

Aerobic fitness 880-yard walk 6-minute walk 2-min step-in-place

walking endurance

Upper body strength

Arm curl Arm curl Grip strength

Lower body strength

None Chair stand None

Upper body flexibility

None Scratch test Shoulder flexibility

Lower body flexibility

Sit-and-reach Chair sit-and-reach Sit-and-reach

Agility/balance Agility/dynamic balance

8-foot up-and-go Balance platform

Body composition Ponderal index Body mass index None

Fine motor abilities

“Soda pop” None Manual dexterity

Computer Applications Important for adult fitness settings Database management Recording workouts Monitoring progress Providing feedback (norm- or criterion-

referenced) Exercise prescription

Biological Decline (Regression) Chronological vs. Biological aging Body is aging continuously (conception death) After about age 30

Regression in some form develops Many theories attempting to explain

Gerontology Video

Biological Theories of Advanced Aging Def.: is the diminished capacity to

regulate the internal environment, which results in a reduced probability of survival

1Gabbard (2004)

Biological Regression and Motor Performance

Biological Regression and Motor Performance Motor Behavior

Peak Performance (25-30) Maximum motor performance in several activities

Regression Usually develops after the age of 30 Most physiological functions begins to show

decrements General rate at of 0.75 to 1 percent a year. Art of aging(video)

Fighting aging Reasons of this loss physiological function:

Inactivity Poor health habits

Late adulthood Deterioration in movement patterns

Walk, run, jump How can it be delayed ? (Video Japan)