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IPMU11-0147
A strange relationship between 2d CFT and 4d gauge theory
Yuji Tachikawa
IPMU, University of Tokyo,
5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583 Japan
abstract∗
A relationship between 4d gauge theory and 2d CFT will be reviewed from the very basics.
We will first cover the introductory material on the 2d CFT and on the instantons of 4d gauge
theory. Next we will explicitly calculate and check the agreement of the norm of a coherent
state on the 2d side and the instanton partition function on the 4d side. We will then see
how this agreement can be understood from the perspective of string and M theory.
to appear on the proceedings of the
“Summer School on Mathematical Physics 2011”, Komaba
∗The review is prepared in Japanese as is customary for the proceedings of this summer school series,
which has more than 20 years of history. An interested reader can find how to post TEX files written in
CJK(Chinese-Japanese-Korean) languages to the arXiv by downloading the source code.
arX
iv:1
108.
5632
v1 [
hep-
th]
29
Aug
201
1
IPMU11-0147
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1 ���!!!CCCqqqbbb444���ÖÖÖhhh]]]nnn³³³ÒÒÒüüüìììóóóÈÈȶ¶¶KKK 2
1.1 �!C�Ön� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Óé½íãpnhþ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Óé½íãpn³ÒüìóȶK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 ÛÛÛ!!!CCC²²²üüü¸���ÖÖÖhhh¤¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóónnnqqq������fff 11
2.1 ^ïÛ²ü¸�Ö . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 ¤ó¹¿óÈó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 1-¤ó¹¿óÈóã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 �ͤó¹¿óÈóã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 ¤ó¹¿óÈónq��f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 M�n@@� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 �ͤó¹¿óÈó�� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 ���!!!CCChhhÛÛÛ!!!CCCnnn¢¢¢Â 25
3.1 þܢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 ~Z�!Cx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3 U�km!Cx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 á5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
0 oooXXX���kkk
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1
Z(M)弦理論(いいかげん)
数学(厳密) ZA ZB?
ó 1: &�ÖK�npf�þan�ú
K���nË hP�(¢¤ó·å¿¤ó�ØSn~ULþÜY�jipf�þa�Ö�`YShLúe~Y�ÊÞn�©go�å�R_�kÔy�hKj�EDgYL�K�ÕKWf��W�YD
ZA =�!Cqb4�Ön³ÒüìóȶKnÎëà� (0.1)
ZB =Û!C¤ó¹¿óÈón�M¢p (0.2)
n�dL�ôY�hDF���¬�W~Y�Z(M) o�m!Cn N = (2, 0) �Öh|p���nkj�~Y�wS�ko�ZA o c �-Ãûw�∆ � L0 nú$�λ �³ÒüìóȶKnÑéá¿hWf
ZA = 〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = 1 +λ2
2∆+
λ4(c+ 8∆)
4∆((1 + ∆)c− 10∆ + 16∆2)+ · · · � (0.3)
ZB o q, ε1,2, a �]�^�¤ó¹¿óÈóp�ÒKÕÏ�²ü¸wkþY��fÝÆó·ãëhWf�
ZB = Z instantonε1,ε2,a = 1 +
q
ε1ε2
2
(ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2
+q2
ε21ε22
(8(ε1 + ε2)2 + ε1ε2 − 8a2)
((ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((2ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((ε1 + 2ε2)2 − 4a2)+ · · · (0.4)
hj�~Y�S��L
λ2 =q
(ε1ε2)2� ∆ =
1
ε1ε2((ε1 + ε2)2
4− a2), c = 1 + 6
(ε1 + ε2)2
ε1ε2(0.5)
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ó 2: ¤¸ó°!�n)¦�X'
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1
Zexp
1
T
∑i,j
(σi,jσi+1,j + σi,jσi,j+1)
(1.1)
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Z =∑σi,j
exp
1
T
∑i,j
(σi,jσi+1,j + σi,jσi,j+1)
(1.2)
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3
5 10 20 50 100 200
1.00
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.15
0.70
ó 4: èL)¦gn 〈σ0,0σx,0〉 n/��
-4 -2 0 2 4
-4
-2
0
2
4
-4 -2 0 2 4
-4
-2
0
2
4
z 7→ eiθ · z z 7→ z + az2
ó 5: qbÛn�
~[��Wp�OJvh�T = 2.2 B_�gÁ�L�ÅY�ShL�K�~Y (ó2)�³Æãgo�
Tc =2
log(1 +√
2)(1.3)
hj�ShLå��fD~Y�Uf��¦)¦�SnèL¹ Tc kY�h�¹ÔónÃcfD�Jn'MUkD�D�j�nLB�ShL$�~Y�rhdMM�Öcf�� �� há'Wf��h�`D_D�_îL��gB�ShL$�~Y (ó3)��ch�Ï�ko�〈σ0,0σx,0〉 �,�Y�h�!þp°éÕgôÚkn�ShL$�~Y (ó4)�³Æãgo
〈σ(x)σ(0)〉 ∝ 1/x1/4� (1.4)
gYK��¹±üënô ~x→ α~x k4cf
σ → α1/8σ (1.5)
hWf��pûo gY� S���ûn¹±üëÛ ~x→ α~x n�hgn 'h�D~Y�B�éDaö��_Y�!Cûgo��WûL¹±üëÛg j�p�êÕ�k�ch�
,n@@�jÒ¦�ÝdÛn�hg�ÖL kj�ShLå��fD~Y��!Cn§��z = x+ iy høOh��,kcG¢p f(z) �(Df
z 7→ z′ = f(z) (1.6)
hDFÍ\L@@�jÒ¦�Ýa~Y (ó5)�®�Ûo
z 7→ z′ = z +∑n
εnzn+1 (1.7)
4
Nx
Nt
ó 6: �ñn¤¸ó°!�
gYK��!P�nÙ¯Èë4 ξn = zn+1∂z gûL gB�Shkj�~Y� � qynξn = zn+1∂z �B�~Y�S��n¤Û¢Âo���Y�h
[ξm, ξn] = (m− n)ξm+n� [ξm, ξn] = (m− n)ξm+n� [ξm, ξn] = 0 (1.8)
hj�~Y�Uf�YSW�¹�Hf�Sn�!CûnFa x ¹�oz�g�y ¹�oB�`h�D~W�
F: t = y� !Pk�Dh��SWDng�x ¹�o Nx ��t ¹�o Nt �<P¹LB�hW~Y(ó6)� B�B; t �ú�Y�h�¹Ôó σi (−∞ < i <∞) LB�~YL��d�dnMMkþWfÙ¯Èëz�nú� |σx〉 ��H~W�F�Snz� H ko�� 2Nx �ú�LB�~Y�H k\(Y�L���d�H~Y:
A|σx〉 = exp
[1
T
∑x
σxσx+1
]|σx〉� (1.9)
B|σx〉 =∑(σ′x)
exp
[1
T
∑x
σxσ′x
]|σ′x〉 (1.10)
Y�h��M¢p (1.2) o
Z = trH(AB)Ny = trH e−NyH FW H = log(AB) (1.11)
hj��B� Nt `QÏP�f�ÏßëÈË¢ó H gûLzUW_h�FShLúe~Y� DDKH�p�B�¹�kÕKYÙ¯Èë4 ∂t L�H k\(Y�L� H k�c_�QgY�
Nx �^8k'MOÖcfJDf�SnøMÛH�èL¹ T = Tc nhMkLFh�B�&2`QgjO�qbÛ ξn� ξn hSL H k\(Y�L�kj�~Y�]�� Ln� Ln høM~W�F��,k�äx�jÙ¯Èë4�ÏP�f�jL�k<MôYh�ÜcLe��~Y�!P�B� ξnn¤Û¢Â (1.8) �Ûþ!OôY�ko�!n�FkY�WKjDhå��fD~Y:
[Lm, Ln] = (m− n)Lm+n +c
12(m3 −m)δn,−m (1.12)
FW −∞ < n,m < ∞ otpg c ocn�p�S�LÓé½íãpgY� ξn �hf��P Lnkj���X¤Û¢Â��_W~Y� Ln n¨ëßüÈqyo L−n = L†n hW~Y�å�!Xn_��8 Ln oØ��ShkW~Y�
5
1.2 ÓÓÓééé½½½íííãããpppnnnhhhþþþ
Óé½íãpnhþ�¿y�Mk�¿�/ÕPnÏP��©ÒW~W�F� KÕÏ��P p hMn��P q L [q, p] = i hDF¤Û¢Â��_Y�k�ÏßëÈË¢ó H = (p2 + q2)/2 �¿y_D�ÿÖ p = ∂/∂q hWf�®���P ∂2/∂q2 + q2 nú¢p�y�¢phWf¿yf�oDgYL�ãp�k�H~W�F�]n_�k a = p+ iq�a† = p− iq ��©Y�h�
H = a†a+1
2(1.13)
høMô[~Y�[a, a†] = −1 gYK��[H, a] = −a gY�Uf�H kú$ E nú¶K |E〉LBc_hW~W�F: H|E〉 = E|E〉�Y�h�
Ha|E〉 = (aH − a)|E〉 = (E − 1)a|E〉� (1.14)
Yj�a�a|E〉 o ú$ E − 1 núÙ¯ÈëgY� SnÍ\oU¦g�p�Ô[~Y� �¹g�¶Kz�Lc$�Yj�aÝKj¶K |ψ〉 kþWf ‖|ψ〉‖2 = 〈ψ|ψ〉 ≥ 0 hY�h�
E‖|E〉‖2 = 〈E|H|E〉 = ‖p|E〉‖2 + ‖q|E〉‖2 ≥ 0 (1.15)
gYK��ú$ E o^ gY��cf�an|E〉 oDZ��ÅWjDhDQjD�Yj�aUK¶K |vac〉 LBcf
a|vac〉 = 0� (1.16)
Y�h
H|vac〉 =1
2|vac〉� (1.17)
~_��Økú$ E n¶Kk a† ��Q�hú$ E + 1 n¶Kkj�n�:[~Y��cf�
|n+1
2〉 = (a†)n|vac〉 (1.18)
Lú$ 12 + n nú¶Kkj�~Y�
gYK��ÏßëÈË¢ó H kþWf�����P a† o¨Íë®ü� 1 BR��Å��P a
o¨Íë®ü� 1 �R��Å��P a g�U��¶KL�N¨Íë®ü¶K |vac〉 gY�Óé½íãpn4�o�L0 �ÏßëÈË¢óh�FnLý�LoDgY: H = L0�Y�h�
[L0, Ln] = −nLn (1.19)
gYK��L−n L¨Íë®ü� n BR�����Pg�Ln = L†−n L¨Íë®ü� n �R��Å��PgY�hfn�Å��Pg�U��¶KL�N¨Íë®ügYL�]Sgn H = L0 nú$� ∆ hW~W�F:
L0|∆〉 = ∆|∆〉� Ln|∆〉 = 0 (n > 0)� (1.20)
¿�/ÕPn4�hpj��∆ oS�`Qgo�~�~[���,k�L0 nú$L ∆ +N gB�¶Ko L−n1L−n2 · · ·L−nk |∆〉 g
∑ni = N hj��
Fj�ngY(ó7)� S��!ek
|∆;N ;n1, . . . , nk〉 = L−n1L−n2 · · ·L−nk |∆〉 (1.21)
6
L1
L1
L1
L�1
L�1
L�1
L�2
L�2
L�3L3
L2
L2
...
...
L0 = ! + 3
L0 = ! + 2
L0 = ! + 1
L0 = !
L3!1|!!
L2!1|!!
L!1|!!
L!2|!!
L!3|!!L!2L!1|!!
|!!
ó 7: Óé½íãpnhþ
høM~W�F�FW n1 ≥ n2 ≥ · · · ≥ nk hWfJM~Y� S��LhfÚbìËj4��Snhþ�Óé½íãpn Verma hþh�D~Y�
N o�8!p (grade) h|p�~Y�!pL 1 n¶Ko L−1|∆〉 n�gY�S�nÎëào�¤Û¢Â�dKFh
〈∆|L1L−1|∆〉 = 2∆〈∆|∆〉 (1.22)
hj�~YK��∆ ocgY�!k!pL 2 n¶Ko�,k
|ψ〉 = c11|∆; 2; 1, 1〉+ c2|∆; 2; 2〉 (1.23)
høQ~YL�S�nÎëào¤Û¢Â (1.12) �dKcf��Y�h
〈ψ|ψ〉 = (c11, c2)MN=2
(c11
c2
)FW M2 =
(4∆(2∆ + 1) 6∆
6∆ 4∆ + c/2
)(1.24)
hj�~Y�S�L kj�jD_�ko�
4∆(2∆ + 1)(4∆ + c/2) ≥ (6∆)2 (1.25)
gjQ�pDQ~[��øMÛH�h�
∆(∆−∆1,2)(∆−∆2,1) ≥ 0 (1.26)
gY�_`W
∆r,s =c− 1
24+
1
4(rα+ + sα−)2� α± =
√1− c±
√25− c√
24� (1.27)
c < 1 gYh ∆1,2� ∆2,1 o�gYK��∆1,2 < ∆ < ∆2,1 `hÄîj�QgY��,k!p N nhS�kB�¶Knpo�N �cntpn�hWføO4�np`QB�~
Y�]�� pN høO�kW~Yh� MN o pN × pN L�kj�~Y�¶Kz�Lc�$gB�_�ko�hfn N kþWf detMN ≥ 0 gjDhDQ~[��SnL��o Kac k�cf��U�fJ��
detMN ∝∏
r,s≥1; rs≤N(∆−∆r,s)
pN−rs (1.28)
7
hj�~Y�c ≥ 1 nhMo{|êÕ�kS�ockj�~YL�c < 1 nhMo ∆ L ∆r,s ni�KgjDP��DZ�U�Kn ∆r,s� ∆s,r k�~�fÄîkjcfW~D~Y� S��naö��çk¿y�h�¶Kz�Lc�$gB�_�ko�
c ≥ 1 �WOo m ≥ 2 j�cntp�Öcfc = 1− 6
m(m+ 1)(1.29)
hj�ShLå��fD~Y�U�k���n4�o ∆ n$o r, s � 1 ≤ s ≤ r < m j�cntphWf∆ = ∆r,s kP��~Y�
α+ =m+ 1√m(m+ 1)
� α− =−m√
m(m+ 1)(1.30)
gYK��
∆r,s =((m+ 1)r −ms)2 − 1
4m(m+ 1)(1.31)
hj�~Y� m = 2 nhMo c = 0� 1U�� ∆ o ∆ = 0 n�gb}OB�~[�� !n m = 3
n4�o�c = 1/2� 1U�� ∆ o
∆1,1 = 0� ∆2,2 =1
16� ∆1,2 =
1
2(1.32)
n.^gY�¤¸ó°!�oèL¹go�¦Sn c = 1/2 nÓé½íãpL ξn K�e� Ln h ξn K�e
� Ln hLB�~Y� ¹±üëÛ (x, y)→ α(x, y) o®�Û α = 1 + ε kþWfo z = x+ iy
gøDf
z∂
∂z+ z
∂
∂z= ξ0 + ξ0 (1.33)
g�H��~Y�Yj�a L0 + L0 gY� ¹Ôó��PnÛ'� (1.5) køM~W_L�®�Û��H�h L0 + L0 nú$L 1/8 gB�Shkj�~Y�S�o (1.32) g L0 Ês L0 nú$L!¹h� 1/16 kjcfD�ShkþÜW~Y�
1.3 ÓÓÓééé½½½íííãããpppnnn³³³ÒÒÒüüüìììóóóÈÈȶ¶¶KKK
Uf�q�~_¿�/ÕPk;Wf�³ÒüìóȶK��H~W�F� p h q o¤ÛW~[�K���Bú¶K�h�ShogM~[�� B�¶K |ψ〉 kþWf�〈O〉 = 〈ψ|O|ψ〉 he�Y�ShkY�h�p h q n�L�o
(δp)2 = 〈(p− 〈p〉)2〉� (δq)2 = 〈(q − 〈q〉)2〉 (1.34)
h�H~YK��
δp2δq2 = ‖(p− 〈p〉)|ψ〉‖2‖(q − 〈q〉)|ψ〉‖2 ≥ [Im〈ψ|(p− 〈p〉)(q − 〈q〉)|ψ〉]2 =1
4(1.35)
hj�ngW_� º�'���kY�¶KoïýjP�äx�j¶Kh�cf�oDgW�F�n�b�I�kY��dn¹Õo
i(p− 〈p〉)|ψ〉 = (q − 〈q〉)|ψ〉 (1.36)
8
hY�p�DgY�λ = 〈p+ iq〉 hY�h�ψ L�Å��P a = p+ iq nú¶KgB�ShL�K�~Y:
a|ψ〉 = λ|ψ〉� (1.37)
S��³ÒüìóȶKh|vngW_�å�ú$ λ n³ÒüìóȶK� |λ〉 høO�kW~W�F�¿�/ÕPnú¶Ko³ÒüìóȶKn��gY: |vac〉 = |0〉� [a, a†] = 1 gB�Sh�
)(Wf�aeλa
† |0〉 = λeλa† |0〉 (1.38)
Yj�a |λ〉 = eλa† |0〉 gY�¶K��<�Y�ko�
〈λ|λ〉 = 〈0|eλaeλa† |0〉 = eλλ〈0|0〉 (1.39)
hY�p�DgY�¿�/ÕPn³ÒüìóȶKoD�D�jÜ(LB�~Y�Óé½íãp�Í�gY�gY
K��Óé½íãpn³ÒüìóȶK��H����sL!OojDgW�F�|∆〉 g��U��Verma hþn-nÙ¯Èë |ψ〉 g��Å��P Ln (n > 0) Lú$��d�n��H~Y:
Ln|ψ〉 = λn|ψ〉� (1.40)
¤Û¢ÂK��YPk n ≥ 3 j� λn = 0 h�K�~Y�!Xn_�k λ2 �¼íhWfW~cf�λ ≡ λ1 g��U��¶K |∆, λ〉 ��H~W�F:
L1|∆, λ〉 = λ|∆, λ〉, L2|∆, λ〉 = 0� (1.41)
Y�h n > 2 kdDf Ln|∆, λ〉 = 0 oêÕ�k�D~Y� ¿�/ÕPkj�cf�eλL−1 |∆〉 ��H_DhS�gYL�Óé½íãpn¤Û¢Âo]�{i!XgjD_��]�go�ôYN~Y�~Z�ôk��Wf�~W�F�2WD¶Ko�j�k[�U�gM�HgYK��
|∆, λ〉 = |∆〉+ c1L−1|∆〉+ c11L2−1|∆〉+ c2L−2|∆〉+ · · · (1.42)
høM~Y�Y�h�L1c1L−1|∆〉 = λ|∆〉 (1.43)
K� c1 = λ/(2∆) h�~��
L1(c11L2−1|∆〉+ c2L−2|∆〉) = λc1L−1|∆〉, L2(c11L
2−1|∆〉+ c2L−2|∆〉) = 0 (1.44)
K� c11� c2 L�~�~Y�wUn�Wo�S���
〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = 1 +λ2
2∆+
λ4(c+ 8∆)
4∆((1 + ∆)c− 10∆ + 16∆2)+ · · · (1.45)
hj�~Y�Uf�Sn¿Pg�K�ÂpoYyfz����ngW�FK? !p 2 go�*åpL c11 h
c2 L�¦�d�¹��o!p 1 k¶KL 1 d�!p 0 k�¶KL 1 dBc_ng�Sa�� 2 d
9
境界条件 境界条件|!, 1!!!, 1|
λ2 log
ó 8: Ï 〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 o�wU 2 log λ n�ñn!tk¶K |∆, 1〉 L�LaöhWf�H��fD��nh�H��
g!�ãOShLgM~W_�S�o p2 = p1 + p0 `c_hDFv6kúeO�ng��,ko N
L'MOj�h pN � pN−1 + pN−2 hj��¹��npLNpkjcfãOnL��ðãkj�~Y���k���Wf��h�]�g�!�kãO�LgM�ShL�K�~Y�]n�1oSFgY[6]�2WD³ÒüìóȶKLBc_hWf�]��!pÎk~h�f
|∆, λ〉 = |ψ0〉+ λ|ψ1〉+ λ2|ψ2〉+ · · · (1.46)
hW~Y�Y�h�L1|ψN 〉 = |ψN−1〉� L2|ψN 〉 = 0 (1.47)
hjcfD�oZgY�Y�h�!Xk�K��Fk�
〈∆|(L1)N |ψN 〉 = 1� (1.48)
~_�]�å�nD���[go
〈∆|(L1)N−2L2|ψN 〉 = 0 (1.49)
Ihj�~Y�Yj�a�|ψN 〉 o�!p N n¶Kn-g� LN−1|∆〉 hn��M��cf�Önú�hoô¤WfD��QgY�]Sg�
|ψN 〉 =∑
i1+···+ik=N
(M−1N )11···1,i1i2···ikL−i1L−i2 · · ·L−ik |∆〉 (1.50)
hÖ�p�DShL�K�~W_� S�K��|∆, λ〉 n�M�YP��gM�
〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = 1 + λ2(M−11 )1,1 + λ4(M−1
2 )11,11 + λ6(M−13 )111,111 + · · · (1.51)
hj�~Y� YP�K��Fk etL0 |∆, λ〉 = et∆|∆, etλ〉 gYK��
〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = 〈∆, 1|λ2(L0−∆)|∆, 1〉 (1.52)
høMô[~Y� L0 L�ñk�!Cqb4�Ö�nD_hMnB�zUn��P`c_Sh��DúW~Yh�SnÀg��W_Ïo�ó 8 n�Fkó:Y�ShLgM~Y�
10
2 ÛÛÛ!!!CCC²²²üüü¸���ÖÖÖhhh¤¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóónnnqqq������fff
2.1 ^ïïïÛÛÛ²²²üüü¸���ÖÖÖ
Uf�YcK�q�Hf�SnÀgoÛ!Cn²ü¸�Önq�W~Y�(SnÀn�¹ns0o��HpYÑø [7] ���©2[8]�ÂgnSh�) ²ü¸�Ön�j!Xj�o Maxwell nûÁ�fgY�û4 ~E hÁ4 ~B oøþÖ�b�go Fµν = −Fνµ k~h~�ngW_:
F0i = Ei� F12 = B3� F23 = B1� F31 = B2� (2.1)
Y�h�¹��o∂µFµν = 0� ∂µFνρ + ∂νFρµ + ∂ρFµν = 0 (2.2)
høQ~Y�FWM�goá5U�_ Einstein n���Yj�a�XûWL�¦þ��hi�k�Ï ηµν �e�f³WR�hDF����D~W_:
∂µFµν =∑ρ,µ
∂ρηρµFµν� (2.3)
(2.2)n��oÛCÙ¯ÈëÝÆó·ãë Aµ �(Df
Fµν = ∂µAν − ∂νAµ (2.4)
hY�hêÕ�kãOShLúe~Y�FW�Fµν K� Aµ o���ko�~�Z�χ �ÝKj¹«éü¢phWf
Aµ 7→ Aµ + ∂µχ (2.5)
hWf� Fµν o��~[��S��²ü¸Ûh�D~Y� �FrhdÍ�j¹o� Aµ �ú,�j�fp`h�Fh\(�øO�LgM~Y�Yj�a
S =
∫d4x
1
4FµνFµν (2.6)
��Y�Shk�cf (2.2) Lúfe~Y� Maxwell ¹��n!XgF�WDhS�o�]nÚb'gY�Yj�a�Aµ h A′µ � 2 dnãhY�h�Aµ +A′µ �êÕ�kãkj�~Y�åoäxÖgW_L�S��ÏPÖkY�ko� Feynman nLïM��Y�Å�LB�~
Y�Yj�a
Z =
∫[DAµ]eiS (2.7)
hWf�ïýjYyfnÙ¯ÈëÝÆó·ãë Aµ nMMkþWf�Mø eiS �dQfM�[��hDFÍ\gY� åo�ÏL η = diag(−1,+1,+1,+1) nßó³Õ¹z�gnpÖgW_L�å�!Xn_��ÏL δ = diag(+1,+1,+1,+1) næü¯êÃÉz�kq�H�ShkW~Y�Y�hLïM�o
Z =
∫[DAµ]e−S (2.8)
hjcf�*`!P!CnM�gYL�WoqD�YOj�~Y�20���Jni�n'Mjz�nrhdo�ûÁ�å�kB�Sn�nÖn2dn���7D
� h�1D� Lia��Sn Maxwell �Öná5gB�^ïÛ²ü¸4n�ÖgøK��h
11
DFShgW_� ~Z�^ïÛ¤ SU(N) �JU�DW~W�F�g ∈ SU(N) o� N ×N L�g�æË¿ê g†g = 1� U�k det g = 1 hW_�ngY�SU(2) oyk
g =
(z −ww z
)(2.9)
g�d |z|2 + |w|2 = 1 hDF�ngYK��SU(2) ' S3 gB�ShL�K�~Y�g LXMCkÑDhWf� g = 1 + ε + · · · høM~Yh�g†g = 1 K� ε + ε† = 0� ôk
det g = 1 K� tr ε = 0 hj�~Y� hDF�Qg�ͨëßüÈgÈìü¹L¼ínL�hS�SU(N) nêüãph�D~Y�S��dKcf�²ü¸ÝÆó·ãë Aµ L µ = 1, 2, 3, 4 kþWf SU(N) nêüãpkec
fD�hW~W�F� ²ü¸4n7U�
Fµν = ∂µAν − ∂νAµ + [Aµ, Aν ] (2.10)
h���h�KÕ¹��o∂µFµν + [Aµ, Fµν ] = 0 (2.11)
hj�~Y�S�L Yang-Mills 4n¹��gY�S���H�\(o
S = − 1
2g2
∫trFµνFµν (2.12)
gY���k�Wf�fO`UD�N × N L�n4�k�S�� SU(N) ²ü¸�Öh|s~Y�g oP��ph|p�~Y��1D� oS�g N = 2 hW_�n��7D� o N = 3 hWf�U�kÏPÖkW_�ng
øK��ShL�KcfD~Y� ��k��Y�ko��o�LïM��W~Y:
Z =
∫[DAµ]e−S (2.13)
ÿÖ�S�o!P!CM�kjcf�³Æj�©Lúe�h Clay ÞnJ��Öc_�Fj�ngYL�pf�³ÆUk]�{iS`��jQ�p��HpBz R4 �^8k0Kj<P Z4 gÑ<Wf��è'¹üÑü³óÔåü¿ügM����Wf��ShLgM~Y�]FY�h�_hHpD�D�jÏÉíónêÏÔL��¤înÄògMa�h�þgM�ShL�KcfD~Y�Uf�Maxwell 4n\(L²ü¸Û (2.5) g `c_�Fk�^ïÛ²ü¸4n\(�
²ü¸Ûg gY�~Z�Aµ kþY�²ü¸ÛoBzK� SU(N) xn�Ï g(x) ��cf
Aµ 7→ gAµg−1 + g∂µg
−1 (2.14)
hY��nhW~Y�Y�h�Fµν kþWfo
Fµν 7→ gFµνg−1 (2.15)
hj��\(n«M�¢po
trFµνFµν 7→ tr gFµνg−1gFµνg
−1 = trFµνFµν (2.16)
12
k=0 の配位
k=1 の配位k=−1 の配位
k=2 の配位
E−B=0E+B=0
E+B=0
ó 9: !P!CnMMz�o�¤ó¹¿óÈóp k géÙëU��è�z�k�K���]n]�^�n-g�(Í)êñÌþão\(����Y��
hj�ShL:[~Y� gYK���8
lim|x|→∞
g(x) = 1 (2.17)
hj� g(x) gn²ü¸ÛgPsdO�dn Yang-Mills ¹��não���W~Y�S���@@²ü¸Ûgn���h|s~W�F� �¹g� g(x) ≡ g h4@k��jD4�o (2.14)
gn®��L=a~Y� S��'ß²ü¸Ûh|s�'ß²ü¸ÛgPsdO�dnão���WjDShkW~Y�
Yang-Mills 4nKÕ¹�� (2.11) ko A kdDf!n�LB�~YK��^ÚbgY�ã Aµ h A′µ hL�d���f��Aµ +A′µ oãkoj�~[��gYK��Õüê¨ÛY�pãLB~�hDF�Qg�B�~[��WKW�¤ó¹¿óÈóh|p���#nwS�jãLå��fJ��]��o^8ks0k¿y��LgM~Y�]Sg�]�kdDf!k¬�W~W�F�
2.2 ¤¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóó
Yang-Mills 4nLïM� (2.13) �Y�Sh��H~W�F�S L�UD{FLÄ�L'MDgYK��S ����Y�MMLÍ�]FgY� ]��¿y�ºk�~ZÌþ4
Fµν = εµνρσFµν/2 (2.18)
��eW~W�F�S�o�^øþÖ�k���û4 ~E hÁ4 ~B k�Q�p�a�Fi ~E h ~B �e�ÿH_�ngY�ÝKjMM Aµ L�H��_��\(LzcWjD�Fk!P`gE��O Fµν → 0 hjc
fD�hW~Y�SnhM�k �tphWf
−∫d4x trFµνFµν = −4
∫d4x tr ~E · ~B = 16π2k (2.19)
hj�ShLå��fD~Y� gYK��Aµ nMMnz�o!P!CgYL�]�otp k géÙëU��è�z�k�K�fD��QgY (ó9)� S�o�gYPk:W~Yng�]�~g��f�M~W�F�Sn k oi�go¤ó¹¿óÈóp�pfgo,�Áãüóph|p�~Y�
13
Uf�
− trFµνFµν = −2 tr( ~E2 + ~B2) (2.20)
= −2 tr( ~E ± ~B)2 ± 4 tr ~E · ~B (2.21)
≥ ±4 tr ~E · ~B = ± trFµνFµν (2.22)
gYK�� ∫d4x trFµνFµν ≥
∣∣∣∣∫ d4x trFµνFµν
∣∣∣∣ = 16π2|k|� (2.23)
SnI÷��_Yko k Lcj�p
~B + ~E = 0, �WOo Fµν + Fµν = 0 (2.24)
gB�p�DShL�K�~Y(�¦ó9�Âg�UD)�S��ÍêñÌþ¹��hDD~Y� kL n4�o Fµν = Fµν hDFêñÌþ¹����H�poDgYL�,ê�k�XgYng�Ê�o k o^ hW~W�F�Uf�ÍêñÌþ¹���¿y�Mk�k Ltpkj�Sh�ºK�~W�F�~Z�trFµνFµν
Lh®�gB�Shkè�W~Y:
trFµνFµν = ∂µεµνρσ tr(AνFρσ −1
3AνAρAσ)� (2.25)
�cf�
−∫d4x trFµνFµν =
∫S3
dnµεµνρσ tr(−AνFρσ +1
3AνAρAσ) (2.26)
gY�!P`g Fµν = 0 hW~W_K��²ü¸Û (2.14) � Fµν = 0� Aµ = 0 K��k�cf�
=1
3
∫S3
dnµεµνρσ(g−1∂νg)(g−1∂ρg)(g−1∂σg)� (2.27)
_`W�g o!P`n S3 K�¤ SU(N) xn�ÏgY��ch�!Xj N = 2 nhM��H~Yh�SU(2) ∼ S3 gYK��g o
g : S3 → S3 (2.28)
h�FShLgM��M�oSn�ÏLUÞûMØDfD�K�,c_�nkj�~Y�Ô�Âp���Y�h�~MdMp� k hWf
= 16π2k� (2.29)
ÍêñÌþ¹��noDhS�o�~Z�S���_[pêÕ�k Yang-Mills ¹����_YShLB�~Y:
∂µFµν + [Aµ, Fµν ] = −∂µFµν − [Aµ, Fµν ] (2.30)
gYL�óºk Fµν n�©�ãeY�hêÕ�k¼íkj�ShL�K�~Y� ~_�Yang-Mills
¹��o��n®�¹��gYL�ÍêñÌþ¹��o��gY�U�k�^Úb��!gjOf�!gJU~�~Y�
14
2.2.1 1-¤¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóóããã
go�¤ó¹¿óÈópL k nÍêñÌþãoi�jb�WfD�ngW�FK? ~Z�j!Xjk = 1 n4���~W�F�S�o�,k
Aµ(x) =Hµν(x− x0)ν|x− x0|2 + ρ2
(2.31)
hDFb�WfD�hå��fD~Y�SSg x0 o¤ó¹¿óÈón-Ã�ρ o¤ó¹¿óÈón'MU�z�~Y� Hµν oiFÖ�pDDgW�FK? TH�ÍêñÌþkW_Dng�Hµν = −Hνµ�Hµν = −Hµν hDF N ×N L��h�ShkW~Y�Snb�ÍêñÌþ¹��kãeY�h�H01� H02� H03 L
H01 = [H02, H03]� H02 = [H03, H01]� H03 = [H01, H02] (2.32)
h�SO(3) n¤Û¢Â��_YyMShL�K�~Y�U�k�¤ó¹¿óÈóp���Y�h
k = 2 trH032 (2.33)
hj�Sh��K�~Y�gYK���j!Xjão�
H0i =1
2iσi ⊕ON−2 (2.34)
hY�ShgY�FW σ1,2,3 o�8nѦêL�
σ1 =
(0 1
1 0
), σ2 =
(0 i
i 0
), σ3 =
(1 0
0 −1
)(2.35)
g�S�o 2× 2 L�gYK��ON−2 o(N − 2)× (N − 2) L�ghf¼íj�nhWf�]��ØQ³Wf N ×N L�kY�ShkW~Y�⊕ oL��ÖíïþÒkj�y�Í\gY�rhdãLgM�h�ÝKj SU(N) L� g �Öcf
H0i = g−1(1
2iσi ⊕ON−2)g (2.36)
hWf�S6ãkj�~Y�g o (h Id2×2)⊕ g(N−2)×(N−2) hDFbnL�`hzÞ�W~Yng�S�g
N2 − 1− (N − 2)2 = 4N − 5 (2.37)
ê1¦`QãL���_Shkj�~Y�x0 kB�Ûdnê1¦J�s ρ kB��dnê1¦�³Yh��� 4N ê1¦B�ShL�K�~W_� S��nê1¦nSh�¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤h|s~Y�yk N = 2 n4�o�4 · 2− 5 = 3 ê1¦o SU(2) L� g g~�Yê1¦]n�ngY�
Snê1¦o SU(2) ' S3 `QB�~Y�_`W�
g =
(−1 0
0 −1
)(2.38)
n4�o¤ÛWfW~cf Hµν kqÿLjDng���k�sLB�no SU(2)/{±1} ' S3/Z2
`QgY� PÖhWf�SU(2) n1-¤ó¹¿óÈóãnâ¸åé¤nz�M2,1 o
M2,1 ' R4 × R+ × S3/Z2 ' R4 × R4/Z2 (2.39)
gB_H���ShL�K�~Y�FW�óºgo'MUnÑéá¿ ρ h²ü¸n�MnÑéá¿S3/Z2 �O�B�[f R4/Z2 hW~W_�
15
ó 10: 1-¤ó¹¿óÈóãn\(Ʀ
↓ ↓
ó 11: 2-¤ó¹¿óÈóãn\(Ʀ��dn¤ó¹¿óÈó�ÑeQ���²ü¸4n�MLiFjcfD�Kk�cfP�oWWOpj��
2.2.2 ���ÍÍͤ¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóóããã
Uf�MÀgo 1-¤ó¹¿óÈóãko-ÃnMnk 4 Ñéá¿�µ¤ºk 1 Ñéá¿�²ü¸n�Mk 4N − 5 Ñéá¿B�Sh�fs~W_�wS�k\(Ʀ trF 2
µν �ó:Y�hó 10 n�Fkj�~Y�S�K���K��Fk�-ÃK�â��h²ü¸4n7U Fµν oA�k�UOj�~Y�gYK��1-¤ó¹¿óÈóã�u_d�G¹ A′µ o-ÃL x′0 µ¤ºL ρ′� �Frhd A′′µo-
ÃL x′′0 µ¤ºL ρ′′ gB��FkÖ�h� |x′0 − x′′0| � ρ′ + ρ′′ gB�p�!�L�Bk'Mj$koj�~[�K��A′µ + A′′µ �{h�iÍêñÌþ¹��nãkj�~Y� ÿÖ A′µA
′′µ K�O�
ÜcLB�ng�]��îcWf��jDhDQ~[�:
Aµ = A′µ +A′′µ +�UjÜc� (2.40)
Sn�ßgo�2-¤ó¹¿óÈóãko 8N Ñéá¿LB�ShL�K�~Y�¤ó¹¿óÈóL�dÑeD_4�o�Sn�Fj�ôjã�goDQ~[�L�]n4�g�¹���Ma�hãQ�ShLå��fD~Y(ó11)�
16
�,k¤ó¹¿óÈópL k n4�o��ØkWfhfn¤ó¹¿óÈón-ÃLâ�fD�h�Ím��[�Shk�cf 4Nk�â¸åé¤��c_ãLdO�~Y� DDKH�h�Snâ¸åé¤z��MN,k høOh�â¸åé¤z�n�n¹goJJ�]
MN,k ∼ (MN,1)k/Sk (2.41)
hjcfD��Yj�a 1-¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤n³ÔüL k �Bcf]��nÛ¤ Sk g���W_�nkjcfD~YL�-Ãèo�ch�ÑkjcfD~Y�MN,k �wS�køM�Y¹Õ� Atiyah-Drinfeld-Hitchin-Manin [9] k�cf:U�fD~
Y�]��Ma�h¬�Y�B�o0�B�~[�L�ðò�`Qo¬�W_Dh�D~Y(SnÀns0oìÓåü [10] ��©2 [11] I�ÂgnSh�)� ~Z�k = 1 n4�k;�~Yh�ãn®�jè�o H0i g�H��fD~W_�H0i o�X = H01 + iH02 g K�©CgM~YL�aöX2 = 0 h tr |X|2 = 1 LÅ�gY�SSg� ρ nê1¦� X k+�fW~Hp�tr |X|2k¢Y�aöo=hYShLgM~Y�]Sg�X2 = 0 k`QèîW~W�F�Y�h�X n�po 1 jng�
Xij = BiAj (2.42)
høO�LgM~Y�FW i, j = 1, . . . , N� X2 = 0 ��³U[�_�k
AiBi = 0 (2.43)
��BWf�U�kÝKj c ∈ C kþWf (Ai, Bi)→ (cAi, c−1Bi) hWf� X L��jDng�
AiAi −BjBj = 0 (2.44)
hWf[�fc ∈ R nê1¦o�YShkW~W�F�JW~Dk�-Ãnê1¦ x0 ∈ R4 �(z, w) ∈ C2 høOhY�h�P@ 1-¤ó¹¿óÈóão (z, w,Ai, B
i) g (2.43)� (2.44) ��_W�U�k
(Ai, Bi)→ (eiθAi, e
−iθBi) (2.45)
hDF\(kþWf����W_�n�høO�LgM~Y� Atiyah-Drinfeld-Hitchin-Manin o�S�nê6já5L k-¤ó¹¿óÈóãnâ¸åé¤��ðY����D`W~W_� TH`QøM~Yh�1, . . . , k �p�ûW a, b �(�W��n z, w,A,B kûW�ý Wf zab , wab , Aai , B
ja
hW~Y�]FWf�(2.43) ná5hWf
AaiBib + [z, w]ab = 0� (2.46)
(2.44) ná5hWfAaiA
ib −Bi
bBai + [z, z†]ab + [w,w†]ab = 0 (2.47)
�²W� (2.45) ná5hWf�
(Aai , Bib, z, w)→ (gabA
bi , B
ia(g−1)ab , gzg
−1, gwg−1) (2.48)
hDF k × k æË¿êL� gab n\(g���Y�Shk[��hDFnL|�n�dQ_h:gY�â¸åé¤np�Ø�W~W�F�A� B ko�� 4Nk ê1¦LB��z� w ko 4k2 �ê1
¦LB�~Y� (2.46) g 2k2 �aö�²W�(2.47) g k2 ��U�k (2.48) g k2 �ê1¦�Ö�dOng�P@ 4Nk �ê1¦LB�Shkj�~Y� 1-¤ó¹¿óÈóã� k �hcfM_4���þÜY� (Ai, B
i, z, w) � k DhcfO�p�(2.46)� (2.48) �JJ�]ãOL��\�noÖíïþÒk&y�pDDgYL�[z, w] n¤ÛPnB_�K�¤ó¹¿óÈó�nø�\(LúfO��QgY�
17
インスタントン数が k の配位
E+B=0Aμ
AμASD
δAμ
ó 12: �,nMM Aµ�ÍêñÌþè� AASDµ h]SK�nZ� δAµ k�ãY��
2.3 ¤¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóónnnqqq������fff
Uf�¤ó¹¿óÈóãkdDf��f�`hS�g�LïM�nU¡k�i�~W�F�\(o¤ó¹¿óÈópL k nMMn-goÍêñÌþjMMg��kj��LïM�k�ch�Ä�Y�ngYK���,nMM Aµ �
Aµ = AASDµ + δAµ (2.49)
n�FkÍêñÌþè� AASDµ h]SK�nZ� δAµ k�ãY�Sh��H~Y(ó12)�
δAµ L�UQ�p�
S =8π2k
g2+
∫d4x(δAµn�!�) + (Ø!�) (2.50)
hj��LïM�nM�p��ãY�h
Z =
∫[DAµ]e−S =
∑k
∫[DAASD
µ ]
∫[δAµ]e
− 8π2kg2
+···(2.51)
hj�~Y�SnU��)(WfÏP Yang-Mills �Ö�¿y�FhoX�kL�pc_nL ’t
Hooft nÖ�[12]gYL�ú�N δAµ næ�o^8k'jng�ÊÞo]��YcK��eWf�å�nȤâÇë��H~W�F:
Z instantontoy =
∑k
qk∫
[DASDµ ] =
∑k
qk∫MN,k
dvol� (2.52)
FW dvol MN,k nnê6jSMb�gY� q = exp(−8π/g2) o¤ó¹¿óÈópn�fÝÆó·ãë�Yj�a�¤ó¹¿óÈó��dûk�eY��n³¹È`h�F�LgM~Y� Bhoê6jSMb�å�oU�M�WfD~[�K��inÑéá¿nÍêñÌþMM��Xº�gwS�F�hDF¶Á��HfD~Y�ÿÖSn~~go Z oBznM�n_�kzcW~Y�Yj�a�d4Nks n-ko�¤ó¹¿ó
Èón-ÃnMn R4 k¢Y�M�LB�ng�]n�nzcLB�~Y�q��f�fs~Yh��8SnOLoBz��º L n'Mj�˹Sn±ke�f��Wf�logZ ∼ L4 hj�]nÔ��p�Ö�`YShgæ�W~YL�¤ó¹¿óÈóo±kD��hôkã�LãWOj�hDF'êLB�~Yng�a�ch%nSh�Wf�~Y�]n_�k��ch!Xj¹�Pn!���H~W�F�Xk�PL (x, y) ∈ R2 nin�@k
��Xº�gX(WF�hW~Y�Y�h�ÿÖ�M¢po
Z =
∫ ∞−∞
∫ ∞−∞
dxdy =∞ (2.53)
18
x
y
ó 13: J = x2 + y2 oøz�nÞâ��O�
hjcfzcW~Y�]nK��k�¬¦¹�nàP�KgD�fÎ_U[~W�F:
Zε =
∫ ∞−∞
∫ ∞−∞
e−πε(x2+y2)dxdy =
1
ε� (2.54)
ε → 0 hY�hÎ_àP�Ö�UFShkjcf�]�kh�jcf Z �zcW~Y�gYK� 1/ε
oÎ_àP�e�_�n�¹�j R2 nbMh�FShLúe~Y�S�oiF�f�Kg����Î_U[_�Fj�XgYL��FYSW�sØQ�Y�ShLg
M~Y�(x, y) oz�n4@hW~W_L�Ý¢½óì'�e�f�fûnøz�n§�h�FShkW~Y:
{x, y}P.B = 1� (2.55)
]FY�h�J = (x2 + y2)/2 høOh�
{H,x}P.B. = y� {H, y}P.B. = −x (2.56)
gYK��J o (x, y) sbnÞânÏßëÈË¢ógYm(ó13)�gYK���n Zε o�
Zε =
∫ ∞−∞
∫ ∞−∞
e−2πεJdxdy (2.57)
h�ÞânÏßëÈË¢ó J L'MOj�h ε nÍ�g �Y��FkM�WjUD�hDFSh`h�H~Y�ÊÞoSn¹Õgû�±ke�~W�F�¤ó¹¿óÈókq�;W~Yh�ÊoBzoÛ!Cg x1, x2, x3, x4 hB�~YK��Ý¢½ó
ì'�{x1, x2}P.B. = 1� {x3, x4}P.B. = 1 (2.58)
]nÖo¼í�hWfMøz�h�FShkW~W�F�Sn�Fk R4 kMøz�nË �D��h�ê6k¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤z�MN,k k�øz�nË Le�ShLå��fD~Y�MN,k n�¹�h�~W�F�Y�h�rhd Aµ(x) hDF¤ó¹¿óÈóMML�~�~YK�� R4
nÞâ�Y�h�A′µ(x) hDF%�n¤ó¹¿óÈóMML�~��MN,k n%n�¹kj�~Y�gYK��R4 nÞâoê6kMN,k kÍM~Y� ]Sg�R4 n (x1, x2) sb�ÞYÞâLMN,k
19
k�MwSY\(��H�S�nÏßëÈË¢ó� J1, R4 n (x3, x4) �ÞYÞâkþÜY�ÏßëÈË¢ó� J2 h|vShkW~W�F�]�^�kþY�Í�� ε1,2 h|vh�
e−2π(ε1J1+ε2J2) (2.59)
hDFÍ��dQ�ShkW~Y�~_�'ß²ü¸Û�MN,k nÛkj�~Y�!Xn_� SU(2) ��H�h�σ3 g��U
��²ü¸ÛkþÜY�ÏßëÈË¢ó K ��H�Í� a �dQ~W�F�Y�h��p¢pn©k aK hDFàP�D��Shkj�~Y��,n SU(N) go�þÒL�n²ü¸Û diag(a1, . . . , aN ) kþWf�ÏßëÈË¢ó
K1, . . . ,KN ��H��p¢pn©k∑
i aiKi hDFàP�D��ShkW~Y�hDF�Qg���L�H_D¤ó¹¿óÈónq��f!�o!n�Fj�ngY:
Z instantonε1,ε2;ai =
∑k
qkZN,k� FW ZN,k =
∫MN,k
e−2π(ε1J1+ε2J2+∑i aiKi)dvol� (2.60)
����SWDSh��D~W_L�P@o�¤ó¹¿óÈó�¢qD��h q `Q �Y��(x1, x2) sb�nÒKÕÏL'MDh ε1J1 `Q �Y�� (x3, x4) sb�nÒKÕÏL'MDh ε2J2 `Q �Y�� ²ü¸Û'L'MDh Ñéá¿ ai kÜXf
∑i aiKi `Q �Y��hD
F�¤ó¹¿óÈóL¢qBc_pBDkq��f�kqJFhY��k�H�Shnúe��ch�!Xj!�kjcfD~Y�J1� J2� Ki �wSboP@oXk¿�ÝÆó·ãëkj�`QgY�]����k SU(2) n 1-¤ó¹¿óÈón4�kºK�f�~W�F�â¸åé¤z�oHk
R4 × R4/Z2 `hDD~W_�rhd�n R4 o¤ó¹¿óÈón-à (x1, x2, x3, x4) �Ñéá¿WfDf�u_d�n R4 o²ü¸n�M�B��YL� H0i h ¤ó¹¿óÈónµ¤º ρ �B�[_�ngW_� u_d�n R4/Z2 �� pu_d (z, w) � (z, w)→ −(z, w)g���W_�nh�FShkW~W�F�²ü¸ÞâoXk (z, w) LSU(2) n�!ChþgYK�
(z, w) 7→ (eiaz, e−iaw) (2.61)
hÍM~Y��¹� x1, x2 sbn ε1 ÞâJ�s x3, x4 sbn ε2 Þâo
(x1 + ix2, x3 + ix4, z, w) 7→ (eiε1(x1 + ix2), eiε2(x3 + ix4), ei(ε1+ε2)/2z, ei(ε1+ε2)/2w) (2.62)
h\(W~Y�SSg�(z, w) xn\(o�BznÞâL Hµν �÷\�ShK��� (2.36) kB���� g �ÛY�Å�LB��g L (z, w) ∈ C2 nÒ¦è�gBc_ShK��X~Y�åK��þÜY�ÏßëÈË¢óo
ε1J1 + ε2J2 + aK =ε12
(x21 + x2
2) +ε22
(x23 + x2
4)
+(ε1 + ε2)/2 + a
2|z|2 +
(ε1 + ε2)/2− a2
|w|2 (2.63)
gYm� Y�h
Z2,1 =1
2
1
ε1
1
ε2
1
(ε1 + ε2)/2 + a
1
(ε1 + ε2)/2− a (2.64)
20
hj�~Y�H-n 1/2 o R4/Z2 n /Z2 K�e~Y�YSW`QSn��P�nãÈ�WfJM~W�F�1/(ε1ε2) oBzn±n'MUgYK��±
�'MOY�_�k ε1,2 → 0 hW~Y�Y�h¬¦¹M� (2.64) nÎ_'LªOj�~YK��a o�ZhWf��LOLjD�FkW~Y� Y�h�Bzn±L'MDuPgo�¤ó¹¿óÈóL��B�Shk��¹�oXMBzSMB_�
ε1ε2 logZ2,1 ∼1
2
1
(ε1 + ε2)/2 + a
1
(ε1 + ε2)/2− a ∼ −1
2
1
a2(2.65)
hj��QgY�_`W |a| � |ε1,2| hW~W_�
2.4 MMM���nnn@@@@@@���
Uf�SU(2) n4�n Z instanton ���Y�ko�Sn¿PgM2,2, M2,3, . . .nM����gM�pDDngYL�]��ô¥LFnojKjK'gY�]Sg�Duistermaat-Heckman n@@�l�hDF�n�dKD~Y�(SnÀn�¹ns0o�YÑø[13]�ÂgnSh�)Snl�o��¦��L��W_D�Fj�ÏßëÈË¢ó��p¢pn©kn[_�nn
M��_aiS�kúefW~F�ngY��j!Xj�hWf��!C�b��H~Y�ï¦�−π
2 < θ < π2 � L¦� 0 < ψ < 2π hWf�b� � cos θdθdψ hW~Y�L¦¹�ÞânÏßëÈ
Ë¢óo H = sin θgY�]Sg
Z =
∫∫e−2πεH cos θdθdψ (2.66)
��H~W�F�S�o�gMf�
=e−H(θ=π/2)
ε− e−H(θ=−π/2)
ε(2.67)
hj�~YL�S��!n�FkøM~Y2 :
=∑
p=�u,Wu
e−H(p)
(p gnÞâÒ)� (2.68)
Duistermaat-Heckman nl�o�S�L�,kj�_d�hDF�ng�M L 2n!CnÑ�Kjøz�g�H LÏßëÈË¢óhWf]nkA���MwSW�A�nú�¹ p LdËWfD�hY�h�
Z =
∫e−2πεHdvol =
∑p
e−H(p)∏ni=1 θi,p
(2.69)
L��Ëd�hDF�ngY�_`W��ú�¹ p n~��go�A�o¹ p ~��nÞâkj�~YK��R2n � n �n R2 k�Qf]�^�nbLÒ¦ θi,p (i = 1, . . . , n)gÞâWfD��hDF�FkW~W_��Frhd����~W�F� M = R4 hWf�(x1, x2) �Ò�¦ ε1 g�(x3, x4) �Ò�¦ ε2 g
ÞYSh��H�h�ÏßëÈË¢óo
J =ε12
(x21 + x2
2) +ε22
(x23 + x2
4) (2.70)
2�p¢pn�M�nl�Lú�¹��n�.gB�hDFno�� [14] K�fs~W_�
21
u v
u=v′=0 u′=v=0v′ u′
↓u v
u=v=0
ó 14: R4/Z2 nÖíü¢Ã×�u = v = 0 nhS�k�u′ = 1/v′ gÑéá¿ØQU�_ S2 �?eW_�
gY�l��i(Y�ko�ú�¹�¢Umpj�~[�L�ÿÖ]�o�¹`Qg�]SgnÞâÒo ε1 h ε2 gYm��cf ∫ ∞
−∞
∫ ∞−∞
∫ ∞−∞
∫ ∞−∞
e−2πJd4x =1
ε1ε2(2.71)
hj�oZgYL�S�oXk¬¦¹M�gY�S�oH{i�c_M�n R4 è�gY�Sn��� R4/Z2 ki(Y�koiFY�p�DgW�FK? rhdOLo���oÑ�Kj
�ØSkþWfn���ËdngYL�R4/Z2 oHïLhLcfD~Y� hL��ã�Y�º�Öíü¢Ã×hDFÍ\�W~Y�~Z�(z, w) ∈ C2 ' R4 �§�hWf�(z, w) 7→ −(z, w) hDF Z2
\(grcfD~YK��u = z2, v = w2, t = zw L Z2 \(g gY�S��o uv = t2 ��_W~Y�u = v = t = 0 nB_�L^8k�cfD~Y�]Sg��c_hS�k S2 �îW¼�gÑ�KkW~Y(ó14)� S2 n�ugo@@�ko
(u, v′) FW uv′ = t� S2 nWugo@@�ko (u′, v) FW u′v = t LoD§�kjcfD~Y�z nÞâÒL (ε1 + ε2)/2 + a� w nÞâÒL (ε1 + ε2)/2− a gW_K�� �ugnÞâÒo
(ε1 + ε2) + 2a,−2a (2.72)
WugnÞâÒo2a, (ε1 + ε2)− 2a (2.73)
hj�~Y�]Sg�Duistermaat-Heckman nl��dKFh�∫e−2πHdvol =
e−H�u
((ε1 + ε2) + 2a)(−2a)+
e−HWu
(2a)((ε1 + ε2)− 2a)(2.74)
gY�Öíü¢Ã×Y�~Hn R4/Z2 nM��å�ko�S2 L�UOj�uP�h�~YL�]FY�h�Pn H oUk[��¹kLcf¼íkj�~Yng�
→ 1
((ε1 + ε2) + 2a)(−2a)+
1
(2a)((ε1 + ε2)− 2a)(2.75)
=2
((ε1 + ε2) + 2a)((ε1 + ε2)− 2a)(2.76)
=1
2
1
((ε1 + ε2)/2 + a)((ε1 + ε2)/2− a)(2.77)
22
hj��H{in����þW~W_�M2,2 hSnM�kY�ko�R4 nM���Q�p�DgY� Y�h�(2.64) go��`c_
�n��
Z2,1 =1
ε1ε2
1
((ε1 + ε2) + 2a)(−2a)+
1
ε1ε2
1
(2a)((ε1 + ε2)− 2a)(2.78)
h��k�rW_Shkj�~Y�
2.5 ���ÍÍͤ¤¤óóó¹¹¹¿¿¿óóóÈÈÈóóó������
åMÀgoR4 × R4/Z2n¬¦¹M��^8k~��OiOLc_�QgYL�Sn¹ÕnoDhS�o�MÀg9ËW_ ADHM Ë�hD���[�h��,n N , k kþWf��Lúe�hS�gY[15, 16, 17, 18]� �úoãWDngMa�hogM~[�L�ðò�`Q¬�W~W�F�SU(2) 1-¤ó¹¿óÈón4��Öíü¢Ã×o uv = t2 n�cfD�hS�k S2 �Ë�¼�~W_�S�o�ADHM Ë�gDFh��cfD�¶Áo
A1B1 +A2B2 = 0�∑i=1,2
|Ai|2 − |Bi|2 = 0 (2.79)
g (Ai, Bi) 7→ (eiθAi, e−iθBi) hDF����WfD_�n��
A1B1 +A2B2 = 0�∑i=1,2
|Ai|2 − |Bi|2 = r2 (2.80)
hH�ShkøSW~Y�Bi = 0 hY�h�
|A1|2 + |A2|2 = r2 (2.81)
hDF S3 LB�~YL�S�� Ai 7→ eiθAi grc_nL�o�¼�` S2 kjcfD_�QgY�S2n�uWuo�
(A1, A2) = (r, 0)� (A1, A2) = (0, r) (2.82)
k]�^�þÜW~Y�M��h�~Yh�SU(2) Û�Y�hÿÖÞcfW~D~Y
(A1, A2) = (r, 0) 7→ (eiar, 0) (2.83)
L�S�oiF[ (A1, A2) ' eiθ(A1, A2) h���Y�ngW_K��
' (r, 0) (2.84)
hjcf�eiθ nÄògú�U�fD�Shkj�~Y�(A1, A2) = (0, r) n4���ØgYm�WKW�A1, A2 n!¹L 0 gjDh�SU(2) ÞâY�h
(A1, A2) 7→ (eiaA1, e−iaA2) (2.85)
hÛW~YK��eiθ gCk;YShLúe~[�� gYK���o�SU(2)²ü¸ÞâJ�s�R4
n (x1, x2) sbh (x3, x4)sbnÞâLin�Fk eiθ ÞâgøºgM�KhDFShgY��,ko�(2.46)�Ýc_~~�(2.47) nóº� r2 kY�ShLMN,k �Ñ�KkY�Shkj
�~Y�ú�¹o k = 1 nhMh�Ø�Bi = 0 nhS�kB�~Y� ú�¹��ØkSU(N) ²ü
23
s
ó 15: äó°ó Y n± s k¢Y�Uw AY (s)�³wLY (s)�ón4�o AY (s) = 2� LY (s) = 3
hj��s L Y n�kB�pBDoUw�³wo kj��
¸ÞâJ�s�R4 n (x1, x2) sbh (x3, x4)sbnÞâLin�Fk U(k) ÞâgøºgM�Kgz~cfD~Y� SU(N) ²ü¸Þâ� diag(a1, . . . , aN ) g�R4 nÞâ� ε1,2 gY�ShkY�h�ú�¹oäó°ón N �D Y1, . . . , YN g�±npL�� k gB��Fj�ngéÙëØQLjU�~Y�]n��øºk(D�U(k) Þâo�þÒ��L
ai + jε1 + kε2 (2.86)
FW 0 ≤ j < (Yin�np), 0 ≤ k < (Yin j �înØU) hj�~Y�gYK��MN,k �Öíü¢Ã×W_�ngnM�o�l� (2.69) k��ú�¹ p =
(Y1, . . . , YN ) n³WRkj�~Y�CnMN,k gnM�o��Pn e−H n�Lhf 1 kjcf�
ZN,k =
∫MN,k
e−2π(ε1J1+ε2J2+aiKi)dvol =∑
p=(Y1,...,YN )
∏i
1
θi,p(2.87)
hj�~Y��ú�¹gnÒ¦n�� θi,p ��LY�h�
ZN,k =∑
Y1,...,YN
N∏i,j=1
∏s∈Yi
(−LYj (s)ε1 + (AYi(s) + 1)ε2 + aj − ai)−1
×∏t∈Yj
((LYi(t) + 1)ε1 −AYj (s)ε2 + aj − ai)−1 (2.88)
hDFwS�j�g�H��~Y� FW�∑ai = 0hW� Y1, . . . , YN oäó°óg�±npL��
k �gB��FkW~Y�AY (s)�LY (s) oäó°ó Y n± s nUw�³wh����ó 15 n�Fkz�~Y�MN,k o 4Nk !CgYK���Íko 2Nk �ÞâÒL&�gD�oZgYng�]��º�Wf�fO`UD� N = 2 n4�o (a1, a2) = (a,−a) hY�ShkW~Y� k = 1 hY�h�(Y1, Y2) = ( , 0) K = (0, )gY�l�nD���[Ö�j��U�Y�h�(2.78) n���]�^��þY�nL�K�h�D~Y�
k = 2 hY�h�(Y1, Y2) o ( , 0), ( , 0), ( , ), (0, ), (0, ) n���B�~Y��Hp( , 0) K�n�o[
−4ε21ε2(ε1 − ε2)a(2a+ ε1)(2a+ ε1 + ε2)(2a+ 2ε1 + ε2)]−1
(2.89)
hj�~Y�Ön���5cf��W~Yh�
Z2,2 =(8(ε1 + ε2)2 + ε1ε2 − 8a2)
ε21ε22((ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((2ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((ε1 + 2ε2)2 − 4a2)
(2.90)
24
hj�~Y�j�`K��SWDP�kj�~W_L��FYSW`Qi���¹�h�`Wf�~W�F�¤ó
¹¿óÈó�dn4�o (2.78) gW_�¤ó¹¿óÈóu_dL`Oâ�fD�p�1-¤ó¹¿óÈóã��dÍm��[�p2-¤ó¹¿óÈóãLgM~Y�gYK�� â¸åé¤z�n�ègo�JJ�] M2,2 ∼ (M2,1)2/Z2 gW_� gYK��M2,2nM�o�JJ�]M2,1nM�n{|�Wg�H��f�îo¤ó¹¿óÈó�dL�DkÑeD_�nø�\(K�O�oZgY�]����kºK�~W�F�|a| � ε1,2 hW_hW~Y�Y�h� (2.90) kB� Z2,2 � (2.78)2 g�H��� Z2,1
2�]�^�(ε1ε2)−2 nàPLB�~Y�Yj�aBzn±nµ¤ºn�WnàPLB�~Y�S�o�Bz�u_diSLÕDfD�M�K�e~Y��¹�ø�\(n¹�o
Z2,2 −1
2Z2,1
2 =20a2 + 7ε21 + 16ε1ε2 + 7ε22
ε1ε2((ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((2ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((ε1 + 2ε2)2 − 4a2)(2.91)
hjcf� (ε1ε2)−1 n�LøºW� (ε1ε2)−1 nÄ�WKB�~[��S�o�Bzn�¹�ø�\(¹hWf�]Sk�dn¤ó¹¿óÈóLÑeDfM_hMkJS�Ä�LB��hDFShkjcfD~Y�%n�D¹�W~Yh�
Z instantonε1,ε2;a = 1 + qZ2,1 + q2Z2,2 + · · · (2.92)
hW~Yh� qk n�o¤ó¹¿óÈóL k �B�~YK� (ε1ε2)−k nàPLB�~YL�þp�hcf��h
logZ instantonε1,ε2;a =
q
ε1ε2
1
2
1
((ε1 + ε2)/2 + a)((ε1 + ε2)/2− a)(2.93)
+q2
ε1ε2
20a2 + 7ε21 + 16ε1ε2 + 7ε22((ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((2ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((ε1 + 2ε2)2 − 4a2)
+ · · · (2.94)
→ q
ε1ε2
−1
a2+
q2
ε1ε2
−5
16a4+ · · · (2.95)
hjcf�q nyMkKK��ZBzSMnàP (ε1ε2)−1 LÎÞg�Shkj�~Y�S�o�k¤ó¹¿óÈóLø�\(Y�no�Bz¹kJDfgB��hDFØP�IHfD��QgY�(2.95) go |a| � ε1,2 hDFuP�h�~W_�
3 ���!!!CCChhhÛÛÛ!!!CCCnnn¢¢¢ÂÂÂ
3.1 þþþÜÜÜ¢¢¢ÂÂÂ
Uf��F]�]�oX�kU��c_nKJØ�gojDKh�D~YL�M�Àgo��!Cqb4�Ög�¶K |∆〉 K���U�� Verma hþ��Hf�]n-g³ÒüìóȶK
L1|∆, λ〉 = λ|∆, λ〉� L2|∆, λ〉 = 0 (3.1)
���
〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = 〈∆, 1|λ2(L0−∆)|∆, 1〉 = 1 +λ2
2∆+
λ4(c+ 8∆)
4∆((1 + ∆)c− 10∆ + 16∆2)+ · · · (3.2)
25
���W~W_�~_MÀgo�¤ó¹¿óÈónq��f��H~W_�Bz��˹Sn±kD��ÿ��
k�BznÞâJ�s²ü¸nÞâkþWf�fÝÆó·ãë�e��
Z instantonε1,ε2,a =
∑k
qk∫M2,k
e−2π(ε1J1+ε2J2+aK)dvol� (3.3)
��H~W_�FW N = 2 n SU(2) n4���H~Y�S���5cf��Y�h�
= 1 +q
ε1ε2
2
(ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2
+q2
ε21ε22
(8(ε1 + ε2)2 + ε1ε2 − 8a2)
((ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((2ε1 + ε2)2 − 4a2)((ε1 + 2ε2)2 − 4a2)+ · · · (3.4)
hj�~W_�u_dnP�(3.2), (3.4) ��Ôy~Yh�,��~go
λ2 =q
(ε1ε2)2� ∆ =
1
ε1ε2((ε1 + ε2)2
4− a2) (3.5)
hY�p�ôW~Y�,�o�U�k
c = 1 + 6(ε1 + ε2)2
ε1ε2(3.6)
hY�h�D~Y�SS~gooX�n���cf3dnp�¢ÂØQ_`Qn�Fk�H�K�W�~[�L�,Û��,��hi�i���Y�h��npnþÜg (3.2) h (3.4) LDd~g��ôY�hDFShL�K�~Y[19, 20]�MÀg¬�W_ (3.2) h (3.4) ���Y�¢ë´êºàoMÀhM�ÀkøM~W_ng�/^!n����Wf�fO`UD� K��g��h 3-¤ó¹¿óÈónB_�K��6b�kj�~Yng�×í°éà�øD_{FLDDgW�F�Mathematica g�ÅW_�nL ×ì×êóÈÚü¸n ancillary files nhS�knDfB�~Yng�]��T§O`UD�Ï 〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 o�!Cni�K�úfe_�ngY�Ï Z instanton
ε1,ε2,a oÛ!Cni�K�úfe_�ngY�S��L�ôY�hDFþa��in�Fk�ãY�poDgW�FK� ̹h���¹Õo$cfD~Y�³ÒüìóȶKnwUn�Wol� (1.51) gwS�k�H��fD~YW�¤ó¹¿óÈón�M¢pol� (2.88) gwS�k�H��fD~Y� gYK��ÌooØ�f�S��nl��h�g<�W�F�hY�ShLúe���]n�Fj<�Lâkå��fD~Y[21, 22, 23]� ~_�â¸åé¤z�k\(Y�!P!Cãp�Ë�Y�hDFno�pfgo~Uf�hþÖhDF��Î�jY{igY�_hHp�C2/Γ FW Γ ⊂ SU(2) hDFz�gn¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤z���H�h�Γ �n Kac-Moody ãpnhþLB����hDFnL [24] g:U�fD~Y� gYK���I�oΓ gr�ÿ��k ε1,2 �e�_ê6já5kjcfDf�~Uf�hþÖK�n<�L]�]�zhU��hDFBgY[25]� S���dnKÕo�ó16 g�Hp�pfn-kY~cf¢Â��ãW�F�hDF�ngY� WKW�Õn��opfgojO&�ÖgYng�³ÆgojD&�Ön�L��NWf�in�FkSn¢ÂL�ãgM�K�hDFn�¬�W_Dh�D~Y�
26
6次元 N=(2,0) 理論弦理論(いいかげん)
数学(厳密) ?!!, !|!, !" Z instanton
!1,!2,a
2次元の量 4次元の量
ó 16: �!CnÏhÛ!CnÏhn¢Â
3.2 ~~~ZZZ���!!!CCCxxx
��n�ãW_D�o
〈∆, 1|λ2(L0−∆0)|∆, 1〉 =∑k
qk∫M2,k
e−2π(ε1J1+ε2J2+aK)dvol (3.7)
hDF�ngW_��!ChÛ!CnÏ�Ô�WfD�hDFåMk� æºoâÕ¢pn�Wnb�WfJ��óºoXj�M�gY�S��iFÔ�Y�p�DgW�F? ]n_�k�óº�å�n�Fk�HôWf�~W�F�ψk(t) ��M2,k n¢pg
ψk(t) = e−π(ε1J1+ε2J2+aK) (3.8)
g��~Y�wS�ko�k = 1 go
ψ1(x1, x2, x3, x4, z, w) = e−π(ε1(x21+x22)+ε2(x23+x24)+(ε1+ε2
2+a)|z|2+(
ε1+ε22−a)|w|2) (3.9)
g�¬¦¹�n¢pgY�Y�h�óºo
=∑k
qk∫M2,k
|ψk(t)|2dvol (3.10)
gY� φk(t)��M2,k �ÕDfD�ÏP�f��PnâÕ¢p`h�cf |φk〉 høM~W�F:
|φk〉 ∈ H(M2,k) (3.11)
_`W H(M2,k) oM2,k nâÕ¢pnjYÒëÙëÈz�gY�Y�h�óºoU�k
=∑k
qk〈φk|φk〉 (3.12)
høQ~Y�]Sg�U�k
|φ〉 = |φ0〉 ⊕ |φ1〉 ⊕ · · · ∈ H(M2,0)⊕H(M2,1)⊕ · · · (3.13)
hDFÙ¯Èë��H�ÏßëÈË¢ó H � H(M2,k) gú$ k ��d�Fj��P`hY�h�¢Â�o
〈∆, 1|λ2L0−∆|∆, 1〉 = 〈φ|qH |φ〉 (3.14)
27
hj�~Y�|∆, 1〉 �
|∆, 1〉 = |ψ0〉 ⊕ |ψ1〉 ⊕ |ψ2〉 ⊕ · · · ∈ V0 ⊕ V1 ⊕ V2 ⊕ · · · (3.15)
hDFU�LB�~W_�FW Vk o!pL k n��g�]Sgo L0 −∆ = k jngW_�Vk oP!CgW_: dimVk = pk _`W pk o k �ctpn�hWføO¹Õnp��¹g
H(M2,k) oS6!P!CgY�WKW�U�Kn�sg
Vk ⊂ H(M2,k) (3.16)
hê6kË�¼~�fJ��]nË�¼�n�hg
|ψk〉 = |φk〉 (3.17)
hjcfD�j�p���n¢Â�oê6k�D~Y�WKW�¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤z��ÕO�PhDFnoiFDFShgW�FK? S�
o�Û!Cn²ü¸�ÖgjO��!Cn²ü¸�Ö��H�hê6kþ�~Y� äóßëº4� R4 gjO R5 = R4 × Rt g�H~W�F�ØQ H_�¹��B�`h�FShkW~Y:
(x1, x2, x3, x4, t) ∈ R5� \(o ∫1
2g25d
trFµνFµνdtd4x (3.18)
gY� �!CnMM�rhd Aµ(x1, x2, x3, x4, t) �h�h��B; t Îk R4 nMM
Aµ(xi; t) = Aµ(x1, x2, x3, x4, t) (3.19)
L�~cfD�h�H~Y�B; t = t1 gn Aµ(xi; t1)¤ó¹¿óÈóp� k hY�h�¤ó¹¿óÈópotpgYK��ÖnDdnB; t = t2 g�¤ó¹¿óÈópo k kj�~Y� ÏP�fkY�_�kLïM��Y�Sh��H~Yh��B;g¨Íë®ü�u�kY�_�k��B; t gAµ(xi; t) LÍêñÌþgB��FjMML�ch�Ä�L'MOj�~Y(ó17)� �B;gn¨Íë®üo ∫
1
2g25d
trFµνFµνd4x ∼ 8π2k
g25d
(3.20)
hj�~Y�¨Íë®ühêÏoI¡gYK�� ¤ó¹¿óÈó�dLêÏ 8π2/g25d n�Pk�H
��QgY�Uf�ÝKj¤ó¹¿óÈóp k nÍêñÌþão 4Nk �nÑéá¿ si gz~cfD�oZ
gYK��B; t k�XWf si(t) Lz~�~W_:
si(t) : Rt →MN,k� (3.21)
gYK���!Cn²ü¸�Ög�LïM�k��Ä�n'MDè�o�¤ó¹¿óÈónâ¸åé¤z��ÕOÏP�f��PnKÕgIH���ShL�K�~W_�WKW���oÛ!Cn²ü¸�Ö��HfD~W_��!Cn²ü¸�ÖK�Û!Cn²ü
¸�Ö�dO�!Xj¹Õo��dn¹���³óѯÈ� Y�ShgY��Hp�t ¹�� [0, L]
nÚ�kWfW~D~W�F�Y�h��Ö� L ��^8kJJMj¹±üëg��P�o�t ¹��
28
t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3
ó 17: �!C²ü¸�ÖhÍêñÌþãn�
:%Y�ShogMZ��êÛ!Cn�Ökj�~Y�^8k�ôko��!Cn\((3.18) kJDf�Fµν L t ¹�k�WjQ�p�dt M��WfW~cf∫
1
2g24d
trFµνFµνd4x (3.22)
hgM�hDF�QgY�FW�1
g24d
=L
g25d
� (3.23)
�,k�Sn�Fj³óѯÈ��Y�h Kaluza-Klein �PhDF�nLþ�~Y��!CnBzkêÏnjD�PLBc_hW~W�F�Y�h�¨Íë®ühKÕÏo
E2 = ~p 2 + p25 (3.24)
��_W~Y�_`W ~p o R3 ¹�nKÕÏg�p5 o,�¹�nKÕÏhW~Y�,�¹�� L
k³óѯÈ�Y�h�ÏP�f�koKÕÏoâÕ¢pnMø ei~p·~x gYK��2πp5L otpgjDhDQ~[��]�� k hY�h�p5 = 2πk/L hj�~Y�Y�h�Û!CnË4K�o�
E2 − ~p 2 =
(2πk
L
)2
(3.25)
hjcf�êÏL 2πk/L n�PLþ�~Y�S�o L L�UQ�pi�i�ÍOj�ng�L L�UD{i,�kOOj��QgY�²ü¸�Ökq�;W~Yh���oÛ!CnP��pL g4d n²ü¸�Ö��H_Dng�
�!Cn²ü¸�Ö� (3.23) g�~�wU L nÚ�k³óѯÈ�W~Y ó18� Y�h�Snûn�M¢po�
Z = 〈Φ|e−LH |Φ〉 (3.26)
g�H���Shkj�~Y�FW Φ o t = 0 J�s t = L gn�LaöK��~�¶Kg�H ot ¹�xnB�zUn��PgY�
3.3 UUU���kkkmmm!!!CCCxxx
SS~go^8k�,�j�ßgW_L��!Cn²ü¸�ÖhWf�Xk²ü¸4`Qn�ÖgjO��'�þð SU(N) ²ü¸�Öh�p���n�Ö���LaögJ�n�þð�Ýd�n
29
L
1,2,3,4t 境界条件 境界条件
!!, 1|
λ2 logR4 R4
|!, 1!x
ó 18: æ: �!C²ü¸�ÖK�Û!C²ü¸�Ö�dO��ó: ó8��²��!Cqb4�Ön³ÒüìóȶKnÎëà�
��Fh�Û!Cn�ÖhWf� N = 2 SU(N)²ü¸�ÖhDF�nkj�~Y�Sn�ÖkôkNekrasov n ε1,2 bhDF�n� H�h��M¢pL��nqcfM_q��f!�h�ôY�ShLå��fD~Y�D~��o N = 2 ��HfD~Y�Y�h�� |Φ〉 o |φ〉 h�ôW~Y� Uf�S�oôkqb4�Ön³ÒüìóȶK |∆, 1〉 h�ôY�ngYL�¶Á�Ôy�h�!C�Ú�kJDfÛ!C�Ö�dO�nh� ³ÒüìóȶKnÎëà���Y�¶Áo{h�i�XgYm(ó18)� �!C¹�nwU L o
L ∼ 1
g24d
∼ log q (3.27)
gW_L��ñn*Eo ∼ log λ g�(3.5) g�_þÜ¢ÂK���U����gY�gYK���!C�'�þð SU(2) ²ü¸�Ön t ¹�nzUn��P H o��!Cn
�Ön��P L0 h���YyMgY��XShgYL�ó 18 n,�¹��Yj�a L ¹�h�ó 8 n�ñn log λ ¹�o���YyMgY� �!Cn�Ön�¹�oYyf SO(5) ÞâgI¡gY:
R4n�¹�SO(5) Þâ−−−−−−−→,�¹� (3.28)
�¹g�qbÛo L0 `QgjO�Ln �+��yk L±1 o�ñn R ¹���ñnS1¹�kÞYÛ�+�gD~Y�i��ko��ñn-n�¹�oI¡j�QgY�
�ñn R ¹� L1 Þâ−−−−−→�ñnS1¹� (3.29)
WKW��!C�Ön,�¹� =�ñn R ¹� (3.30)
gY�S���D���[�h��!C�Ön R4 ¹�o��ñnz�¹�xÞâU[�ShLúe�hDF;5kó�~Y�]n_�ko�m!Cn�ÖLÅ�gY� ��k�!C�'�þðSU(2) ²ü¸�Ö��HfD�d��`c_L�]�om!CnB��Ö��h R n�hk³óѯÈ�W_�ngB�h�FyMgB��hDFShgY�m!Cn�Ö��hk³óѯÈ�W_ngB�p�YPMkJU�DW_�Fk�tp k kþ
WfÍU 2πk/R n Kaluza-Klein �PLg�oZgYL�ºKk��!C�Öko¤ó¹¿óÈó�PLB��]nÍUo 8π2k/g5d gW_�gYK���!C�Ön¤ó¹¿óÈó�Po��om
30
!C�Ön Kaluza-Klein �PgB��
R =g2
5d
4π(3.31)
gB��hDFShL�K�~Y�gYK����om!Cn�Ö��S1 × [0, L]× R4 g�HfD_ngY�Snû�ã�Y�
�k�
• SSg�S1 L^8k�UDhY�h�[0, L] × R4 g�!C²ü¸�Ö��U�k L ��UDhWf�P@ R4 gÛ!C²ü¸�Ö��H�hDF¹ÕLB�~Y�
• �¹� R4 ¹�koÝÆó·ãë ε1(x21 + x2
2) + ε2(x23 + x2
4) �e�fD�ng�ε1,2 L'MDh�R4 ¹�n±�^8k�UOY�ShLúe~Y�Y�h�S1 × [0, L] g�!C�Ö��H��hDFShkj�~Y�
Sn���nU¡Õ�Ô�Y�Shk���
Z instantonε1,ε2,a = 〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 (3.32)
L�����QgY�go�Snm!C�Öoj�gW�FK? H{i��!C²ü¸�Ö�wU L nÚ�k³óÑ
¯È�Y�p�JJ�]Û!C²ü¸�Ökj�Sh�¬�W~W_K���Øk�m!C²ü¸�Ö��h R n�hk³óѯÈ�WfD�ngojDK�h�ôko�H~Y�WKW�]FY�h(3.23) h�ØkWf�
1
g25d
∝ R (3.33)
hjcfW~D�(3.31) ho~c_O�kjcfW~D~Y�Ma�h (3.31) �úY�Fjm!C�Öo���nmLgo�m!C N = (2, 0) �Ö
h|p�fD~Y�S�n'êoocM�ho�KcfD~[�L�²ü¸�Ön Fµν =
∂µAν − ∂νAµ + [Aµ, Aν ] nÿ��k�Fµνρ = ∂µBνρ + · · · hDF4LB��
Fµνρ = Fµνρ FW Fµνρ =1
6εµνραβγFαβγ (3.34)
L��ËcfD���Fj�n `h���fD~Y�Snm!C�ÖoD�D�j!Cgn�þð²ü¸�Önª�`h���fJ���Ñ;zk�vU�fD~Y (pf��Qn~h�o[26, 27] I�ÂgnSh)��!Cn�'�þð²ü¸�Öo�P��p g5d �'MOY�h�¤ó¹¿óÈó�PLýO
j���h R ∼ g25d n�h���Wfm!Cn�ÖkjcfW~F�QgYL�Sn��o [28] k
:�U�f 1997 tk [29] LoX�k�XW~W_� S�o 1995 tK��ãU�Ë�_��&�Öo M �ÖgB� hDF��n�°gY� ���Type IIA �&�Öo10!Cn�ÖjngYL�&�ÖnP��p�'MOY�h�D0-ÖìüóhDF�PLýOj���h���Wf11!Cn�ÖkjcfW~D~Y� Type IIA �&ko D4-ÖìüóhDF�!Ckr�Lc_iSLB��SnÍ\kh�jcf�M�Ön M5-ÖìüóhDF6!Ckr�Lc_iSL��U�_�hkûMØDfD�¶Kkj�~Y(SnB_�ns0o�YÑø [30] I�ÂgnSh)� D4-ÖìüóL N �ÍjcfD�h�]nko�!C�'�þð SU(N) ²ü¸�ÖLO�~Y�S��
31
7P�kY�h�M5-ÖìüóL N �ÍjcfD�Shkj�~Y�SnkO�gD�nL���nå�_D6!CSU(N)� N = (2, 0) �ÖgY�Snm!C�ÖoocM�ho�KcfD~[�L�S���h R n�hk³óѯÈ�W�
U�kS��wU L nÚ�k³óѯÈ�W_ûn�M¢p����n¹Õg��W�FhW_hS��ÕhqW�orhdn¹Õgo 〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 ���Frhdn¹Õgo Z instanton
ε1,ε2,a kj�ShL�Kc_ng�S��oIWDoZ`�hDF��k¿�@D_ngW_ [19, 20]3�
3.4 ááá555
Uf�SS~go〈∆, λ|∆, λ〉 = Z instanton
ε1,ε2,a (3.35)
hDF_`�dn¢Â�k^cfj�yOwS�k¬��WfM_d��gYL� MÀgn¬�K��YSW&�Ön-��KH�h�~�g�¢#Y�¢Â�L����ShL�K�gW�F�]��DOdKðyfJW~DkW_Dh�D~Y�~Z�SnI�goæºk�!CnÓé½íãpn³ÒüìóȶKLB�� óºgo SU(2)
n¤ó¹¿óÈón�M¢pLB�~Y� SU(2) nK��k SU(N) kY�hiFj�gW�FK?
óº���Y�Sho!Xg�l�oâk (2.88) køM~W_� æºoiFY�p�DgW�F? 1980tãEOK�1990tã�-kKQf�Óé½íãpo WN ãph�p��!P!Cãpn¯é¹n-g N = 2 n�j!Xj�n�Yj�a W2 ãpgB�hDFShL�XU�~W_�(WãpkdDfo�ìÓåü[31] ���p�i�2004 n�,H�n�©2 [32] I�Âg�)gYK�����,�Wf
WN ãpn³ÒüìóȶKnÎëà = SU(N)¤ó¹¿óÈón�M¢p (3.36)
hDFSh��H�noê6gY[33, 34]��Hp�N = 3 n4�o�Ln k Hf Wn hDF��PLB��¤Û¢Âo
[Ln, Lm] = (n−m)Ln+m +c
12(n3 − n)δn,−m� (3.37)
[Ln,Wm] = (2n−m)Wn+m� (3.38)
[Wn,Wm] =1
48
[c(22 + 5c)
3 · 5!n(n2 − 1)(n2 − 4)δn,−m + 16(n−m)Λn+m
+ (22 + 5c)(n−m)
((n+m+ 2)(n+m+ 3)
15− (n+ 2)(m+ 2)
6
)Ln+m
]�
(3.39)
g�H��~Y�FW Λn o
Λn =∑m≤−2
LmLn−m +∑m≥−1
Ln−mLm −3
10(n+ 2)(n+ 3)Ln (3.40)
3côjSh��D~YhÕL��k¿�@D_hDFno�DNNgY�Õo¤ó¹¿óÈón�M¢pn���îëÖ�kWfD_ngYL�]��åcfD_ D. Gaiotto LB�å� F. Alday hnq��vnN�g�Z instanton
L�!Cqb4�ÖnSFDFÏg�Q�H`hjc_�`LºK�fO�jDK�hÕk�D~W_�]Sg�ptMkøD_ Mathematica ×í°éà�ѽ³óK���úWf�Q��K�Z��Wf��hºKk�ôWfD_ngZ�W_�hDFnL [19] n�øgY�]n��U�k��!X�W_nL [20] g�Sn�©go!X�W_�n`Q�¬�W~W_�
32
L
x1,2,3,4t クォーク2重項が居る
境界条件 境界条件!!, 1|
λ2 log
|!, 1, m!
R4 R4
ó 19: 2Í�¯©ü¯��de�_¶Á�æ: �!Cn²ü¸�Ö�Ú�knD_�ó: þÜY��!Cqb4�Ön¶Á�
g�©U�~Y�SSg�Wm n�<�o�8n�nn√
(22 + 5c)/216 kW~W_�ê14h:K�oSa�n{FLê6gY�W3ãpnú,�jhþo
L0|∆, w〉 = ∆|∆, w〉, W0|∆, w〉 = w|∆, w〉 (3.41)
g n > 0 j�Ln, Wn ��Q�h�H��Fj¶KK���U�~Y�]��nÚbP�K��³ÒüìóȶK�
W1|∆, w, λ〉 = λ|∆, w, λ〉 (3.42)
g���h�]nÎëàL�(2.88)g N = 3 hW_ Z instanton h�ôY�ShLå��fD~Y[34, 35]�SSg�Ñéá¿nþÜo
c = 2 + 24(b+1
b)2, ∆ = (b+
1
b)2 − a2
1 − a1a2 − a22, w = ia1a2(a1 + a2) (3.43)
hW~Y�FW�!Xn_� ε1 = b, ε2 = 1/b hWU�k(a1, a2, a3) = (a1, a2,−a1 − a2) hÖ�~W_�~_�SU(2) n~~g�²ü¸�Ökiê4�³YSh�úe~Y��Hp�þ�n�1D� n
�hgo¯©ü¯o SU(2) n�Í�gYK��]�k#cf�Í�n¯©ü¯nÄ��¤ó¹¿óÈó�M¢pk H�ShLgM~Y�Y�h�(2.88) n�Pk�D�D��L ��ShLå��fD~Y���n-�g¯©ü¯�rhd³Y!Xj¹Õo�G¹n�Lk`Q¯©ü¯�³YShgY�Y�h�þÜWf�!Cnqb4�Ögo�Gtn�LaöLôU�~Y(ó19)�Y�h�
〈∆, λ|∆, λ,m〉 = Z instantonwith quark (3.44)
hDFI�L��Ëa~Y[20]�_`W�|∆, λ,m〉 o L1 � L2 �Îó¼ínú$��d�Fj³ÒüìóȶKgY:
L1|∆, λ,m〉 = λ|∆, λ,m〉� L2|∆, λ,m〉 =√λm|∆, λ,m〉� (3.45)
oX�nÖ� [19] gq��_no�U�k�Ñk¯©ü¯�Í��Ûd H_4�gW_�%ná5hWf�WN ãpo¢Õ¡¤ó SU(N) ãpK�ÏP Drinfeld-Sokolov �ChDFK
Õg\�ShLúe~YL��CkoÇü¿hWf N n�r ρ = (N1, . . . , Nk) ���Wf��ShLgM~Y�WN oyk ρ = (N) hDF4�gYL��,n ρ kþWf W (SU(N), ρ) ãphD
33
F�nLB�~Y� S��úYko²ü¸�Ötkin�Fjô� H�poDKhDFn�å��fJ��R4 n¤ó¹¿óÈó��H��k�x1 = x2 = 0 nsbk¿cf²ü¸4kyp'
Aµdxµ ∼ diag(α(1), . . . , α(1)︸ ︷︷ ︸
n1 times
, α(2), . . . , α(2)︸ ︷︷ ︸n2 times
, . . . , α(k), . . . , α(k)︸ ︷︷ ︸nk times
)idθ, (3.46)
�e��poDgY[36, 37, 38]�~_�R4 gpK�¤ó¹¿óÈó��HfM~W_L�]nK��k R4/Γ g¤ó¹¿óÈó
��H�piFj�gW�FK�_`W�Γ ⊂ SU(2) hW~Y�ε1,2 �e�jD¶Áo [24] k�cf¿y���Γ �nKac-Moody ãpLg�ShLå��fD~W_�Γ = Zm n4�oU�k ε1, ε2 k��b�e��ShLúe�m-!Ñé WN ãphDFP�WDãpLúfO�h���fD~Y[39]�yk m = N = 2 n4�o�2-! ÑéW2 ãphDFno�8n�þðÓé½íãpkj�ngwS�jº��DOd�Y�ShLúe��ÑD�D�hÖ�LúfD~Y[40, 41, 42]�
������
~Zo�nf!�p�i�2011 n�qºn�Øk�Sn�Fj_���HfO`Uc_����W_Dh�D~Y� W�nÕ�oè��k¢áê«NSFn°éóÈj÷ PHY-0969448 ÊsØI�v@n Marvin L. Goldberger membership K�nô©�×Q~W_�~_�pi#:��_Ë��Xfå,ý�èÑf��LÈÃ×ìÙë�và¹×í°éàK�nÜ©�×QfD~Y�
ÂÂÂ������...
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