AP Biology Review Session 3. Mitosis (division of nucleus) Genetically Identical “daughter...

AP Biology Review Session 3

Mitosis (divisionof nucleus)

GeneticallyIdentical“daughtercells”

S(DNA synthesis)

G1

G2 Cytokinesis(division of cytoplasm)

INTERPHASE (cell growth and chromosome duplication)

MITOTIC PHASE (M)

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

nEgg cell

Sperm cellFertilizationMeiosis

Multicellulardiploid adults

(2n = 46)

Mitosis and development

n

2nDiploidzygote

(2n = 46)

1. Identify the roles of cell division in living organisms 2. Distinguish between events in interphase, mitosis, and

cytokinesis3. Describe the movements of chromosomes in prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of mitosis 4. Define the following terms: checkpoint, chiasma,

chromosome, chromatid, centromere, crossing over, homologous chromosome pair, nondisjunction, and spindle

You should now be able to

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5. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis

6. Distinguish between terms in the following groups: haploid—diploid; sister chromatids—nonsister chromatids;deletion—duplication—inversion— translocation

7. Describe how genetic variability is generated through meiosis and fertilization

8. Identify factors that control cell division and describe how cancer cells escape these controls

You should now be able to

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Genes

locatedon

(b)

(a)

at specificlocations called

alternativeversions called

if both same,genotype called

expressedallele called

inheritance when phenotypeIn between called

unexpressedallele called

if different,genotype called

chromosomes

heterozygous

(d)

(c)

(f)

(e)

1. Explain and apply Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

2. Distinguish between terms in the following groups: allele—gene; dominant—recessive; genotype—phenotype; F1—F2; heterozygous—homozygous; incomplete dominance—codominance

3. Explain the meaning of the terms locus, multiple alleles, pedigree, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance

4. Describe the difference in inheritance patterns for linked genes and explain how recombination can be used to estimate gene distances

5. Describe how sex is inherited in humans and identify the pattern of inheritance observed for sex-linked genes

6. Solve genetics problems involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses for autosomal and sex-linked traits, with variations on Mendel’s laws

You should now be able to

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Sugar-phosphatebackbone

Deoxy-ribose Ribose

Nucleotide

Sugar

Phosphategroup

DNA

Nitrogenousbase

Nitrogenous base

PolynucleotideDNA

RNA

Sugar

CGAT

CGAU

Codons

Growing polypeptide

Amino acid

tRNA

Anticodon

Largeribosomalsubunit

mRNA

Smallribosomalsubunit

comesin three

kinds calledRNA

(d)

(e)

(f)

is performed byorganelles called

use amino-acid-bearingmolecules called

(h)

molecules arecomponents of

one or more polymersmade from

monomers called

is performed byenzyme called

is a polymermade from

monomers calledDNA (a)

(b) (c)

Protein

(g)

(i)

1. Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA2. Describe how DNA replicates3. Explain how a protein is produced4. Distinguish between the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and

rRNA in translation5. Determine DNA, RNA, and protein sequences when

given any complementary sequence6. Distinguish between exons and introns and describe the

steps in RNA processing that lead to a mature mRNA7. Explain the relationship between DNA genotype and

the action of proteins in influencing phenotype 8. Distinguish between the effects of base substitution

and insertion or deletion mutations

You should now be able to

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9. Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic viral reproductive cycles and describe how RNA viruses are duplicated within a host cell

10. Explain how an emerging virus can become a threat to human health

11. Identify three methods of transfer for bacterial genes

12. Distinguish between viroids and prions

13. Describe the effects of transferring plasmids from donor to recipient cells

You should now be able to

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•Genes are carried on ______.

•a. centrosomes•b. chiasma•c. nuclei•d. chromosomes

•Which of the following events occurs during prophase?

• a. chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell•b. nucleoli reappear• c. the mitotic spindle begins to form•d. cytokinesis

•Homologous chromosomes _________.

• a. carry the same gene sequence•b. are a set of chromosomes that a cell receives

from one parent• c. do not include the sex chromosomes•d. are formed when the chromosomes separated

during anaphase

•A duplicated chromosome consists of two sister _________.

•a. centromeres•b. centrosomes•c. chromatids•d. chromatins

•Which of the following events occurs during telophase?

• a. chromosomes align on the midline of the cell•b. the cleavage furrow forms• c. tetrads form•d. centromeres divide

•When is amniocentesis usually performed?

•a. during the third trimester•b. between week 14 and week 20 of pregnancy•c. prior to the fourth week of pregnancy•d. after the birth of the child

•Who is a monk known for his work on inheritance using garden peas?

•a. Charles Darwin•b. E.O. Wilson•c. Gregor Mendel•d. Theodor Schleiden

•An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis _______.

• a. is a carrier of cystic fibrosis•b. cannot reproduce• c. has cystic fibrosis•d. cannot have children

with cystic fibrosis

•What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?

•a. DD•b. dd•c. Dd•d. dimples

•What is the name given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

• a. phenotype•b. locus• c. site•d. allele

•DNA and RNA are polymers of _______ monomers.

•a. carbohydrate•b. nucleotide•c. nucleic acid•d. amino acid

•What type of bond joins the bases of complimentary DNA strands?

•a. ionic•b. covalent•c. hydrophobic•d. hydrogen

•Which enzyme is responsible for RNA synthesis?

•a. RNA polymerase•b. RNA ligase•c. Rnase•d. RNA gyrase

•Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a ____________.

•a. double helix•b. intron•c. prophase•d. mutation

• If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA helix, what percent of the bases is guanine?

• a. 20%•b. 30%• c. 60%•d. 80%