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DUSD(Labs)
““Design in the LateDesign in the Late--Silicon Age”Silicon Age”
Jan M. RabaeyJan M. RabaeyUniversity of California @ BerkeleyUniversity of California @ Berkeley
Director MARCO Gigascale System Research CenterDirector MARCO Gigascale System Research Center
TriasicTriasic JurassicJurassic CretaceousCretaceous TertiaryTertiary QuarternaryQuarternaryPermianPermian
280M280M 12M12M
History Proceeds along AgesHistory Proceeds along Ages
Bronze Bronze Stone Stone IronIron
3500BC3500BC 1500BC1500BC2.5M2.5M
Old Old (Paleolithic)(Paleolithic)
MiddleMiddle((MesoliticMesolitic))
NewNew((NeoliticNeolitic))
Transitions between era’s most often are marked by mass extinctiTransitions between era’s most often are marked by mass extinctionsons
So Does the Electronics Age…So Does the Electronics Age…
How to avoid the mass extinctions How to avoid the mass extinctions that typically go with transitions between ages?that typically go with transitions between ages?
PrePre--siliconsilicon SiliconSilicon PostPost--siliconsilicon
1950’s1950’s Late 2010’sLate 2010’s
EarlyEarly--SiliconSilicon LateLate--SiliconSiliconSiliconSilicon
70’s70’s Late 90’sLate 90’s
The ASIC AgeThe ASIC AgeThe Custom EraThe Custom Era ????
ASICsASICs on the Road to Extinction (?)on the Road to Extinction (?)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005* 2006*
ASIC ASSP
Courtesy R. Courtesy R. CamposanoCamposano, , SynopsysSynopsys
ASIC/ASSP Design StartsASIC/ASSP Design Starts
105105
9090
7575
6060
4545
3030
1515
2.52.5 3.53.5 55 1010 1515 2020
0.13nm0.13nm
Gate Counts in Millions of GatesGate Counts in Millions of Gates
Eng
inee
ring
Eng
inee
ring
Man
-Yea
rs
ComplexityComplexity
NRE: The Triple WhammyNRE: The Triple Whammy
Technology Node [nm]
02468
1012141618
250 180 150 130 100
Rel
ativ
e P
rice
Mask CostMask Cost
90 nm90 nm
and DSMand DSM
Source: Source: XilinxXilinx and and SynopsysSynopsys, Inc, Inc
An Era of Fewer, Flexible and Reusable ComponentsAn Era of Fewer, Flexible and Reusable Components
Platforms have taken a firm ground in application areas ranging Platforms have taken a firm ground in application areas ranging fromfromwireless, automotive, consumer, media processing, graphics and gwireless, automotive, consumer, media processing, graphics and gamingaming
XilinxXilinx Vertex ProVertex Pro
JanusJanus Chip Chip -- ST Micro and ParadesST Micro and Parades
Berkeley PleiadesBerkeley Pleiades
Managing Flexibility and ConcurrencyManaging Flexibility and Concurrency
Dramatically more SOC “programmers” than SOC “designers”Dramatically more SOC “programmers” than SOC “designers”
ManyOthersManyMany
OthersOthersRTOSRTOSRTOS
VHDLVHDLVHDL
System CSystem CSystem CCCC
The language soupThe language soup
Easier to create Easier to create heterogeneous concurrency heterogeneous concurrency than to use it!than to use it!
Need tools and frameworks that Need tools and frameworks that
support multiple Modelssupport multiple Models--ofof--
Computation in a seamless and Computation in a seamless and
expandable way.expandable way.
The Metropolis Environment (The Metropolis Environment (SangiovanniSangiovanni, UCB), UCB)
Watch Out for ParadigmWatch Out for Paradigm--Shifting SurprisesShifting Surprises
Structured ASIC orStructured ASIC or
“the return of gate arrays”“the return of gate arrays”
•• minimized mask costminimized mask cost•• manufacturablemanufacturable•• 50% area overhead for similar performance50% area overhead for similar performance•• example: VPGA (CMU)example: VPGA (CMU)
MasklessMaskless LithographyLithography
•• Eliminates mask costEliminates mask cost•• Puts some constraints on designPuts some constraints on design•• No to be expected any day, thoughNo to be expected any day, though
The Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon EraThe Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon Era
(1) Power and Energy(1) Power and EnergyPuts Bounds on Integration and Puts Bounds on Integration and PerformancePerformance
Limits the deployment of “truly Limits the deployment of “truly ambient electronics”ambient electronics”
Courtesy IBMCourtesy IBM
BerkeleyBerkeleyPicoNodePicoNode
The Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon EraThe Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon Era
(2) Uncertainty(2) UncertaintyProcess Variability puts Process Variability puts Synchronous Design Synchronous Design Paradigm under Severe StressParadigm under Severe Stress
Courtesy IntelCourtesy Intel
The Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon EraThe Grand Challenges of the Late Silicon Era
(3) Reliability(3) ReliabilityErrors Can and Will HappenErrors Can and Will Happen
Soft errors already a factSoft errors already a fact
Process scaling reduces Process scaling reduces SNRSNR
Some Bold Solutions…Some Bold Solutions…
(1) Aggressive Voltage Scaling(1) Aggressive Voltage ScalingPerformance through concurrencyPerformance through concurrency
Dynamic adaptation of supply and Dynamic adaptation of supply and threshold voltagesthreshold voltages
Careful orchestration of system activityCareful orchestration of system activity
NEEDS SYSTEM-LEVEL APPROACH!
> 1X Scaling ?> 1X Scaling ?MAC
ChandrakasanChandrakasan (MIT): (MIT): 175 mV DSP (ISSCC 02)175 mV DSP (ISSCC 02)
Some Bold Solutions…Some Bold Solutions…
(2) Abandon the Purely (2) Abandon the Purely Synchronous ParadigmSynchronous ParadigmLate Binding Late Binding –– Let the system make Let the system make the timing decisionsthe timing decisions
Allow occasional timing errors to Allow occasional timing errors to happen and deal with them!happen and deal with them!
NEEDS SYSTEM-LEVEL APPROACH!
D-Cache
IF ID EX ME
M
WB
Register FileI-Cache
3 mm
3 mm
Razor (U. Razor (U. MichMich): Pseudo): Pseudo--synchronoussynchronous
Pleiades (Berkeley): Pleiades (Berkeley): Globally Asynchronous Globally Asynchronous –– Locally SynchronousLocally Synchronous
Some Bold Solutions…Some Bold Solutions…
(3) Self(3) Self--Correcting ArchitecturesCorrecting ArchitecturesDesigns that detect and correct errorsDesigns that detect and correct errors
Careful use of redundancy and error Careful use of redundancy and error correctioncorrection
Provide reliable computation layered on Provide reliable computation layered on unun--reliable fabrics (as in the reliable fabrics (as in the communications world)communications world)
NEEDS SYSTEM-LEVEL APPROACH!
205 mm2
Alpha 21264
REMORAChecker
12 mm2
Self-checking processor (U. Mich)
StanfordStanford
Transitioning to the PostTransitioning to the Post--Silicon AgeSilicon Age
Implementation platforms that work under very low SNR, Implementation platforms that work under very low SNR, are nonare non--deterministic, unpredictable and unreliable…deterministic, unpredictable and unreliable…
MolecularMolecular
OrganicOrganic(polymer)(polymer) NanotubeNanotube
Daunting Perspectives? You bet!Daunting Perspectives? You bet!
The search for solutions needs the attention of the brightest miThe search for solutions needs the attention of the brightest minds all over the nds all over the
country and the world. Hence the country and the world. Hence the MARCO Focus Research CenterMARCO Focus Research Center Program!Program!
Bringing together in a collaborative setting the leading minds iBringing together in a collaborative setting the leading minds in n design technology for electronics systemsdesign technology for electronics systems
Daunting Perspectives? You bet!Daunting Perspectives? You bet!The search for solutions needs the attention of the brightest mThe search for solutions needs the attention of the brightest minds all over the inds all over the
country and the world. Hence the country and the world. Hence the MARCO Focus Research CenterMARCO Focus Research Center Program!Program!
““The design, verification, and test of complex, heterogeneous embedded
systems-on-a-chip/package, covering the complete spectrum from
system specification to implementationon emerging circuit fabrics.”
Gigascale System Research Center (GSRC)Gigascale System Research Center (GSRC)
SummarySummary
The semiconductor industry is The semiconductor industry is
facing a challenging time. facing a challenging time.
Radically new disruptive Radically new disruptive
solutions are needed.solutions are needed.
The GSRC collaborative model The GSRC collaborative model
to paradigmto paradigm--shifting research has shifting research has
proven to be very successful. proven to be very successful.
Not Just Research as UsualNot Just Research as Usual
Supporting the transition from Supporting the transition from
the late to the post silicon agethe late to the post silicon age
Avoiding MassAvoiding Mass--Extinctions Through Preventive ActionExtinctions Through Preventive Action
Thank you!Thank you!
http://http://w
ww.gigascale.org
www.gigascale.org
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