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ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS13:5
TRIBES OF VITI LEVU AND THEIR-,ORIGIN PLACES
BY
E. W. GIFFORD
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES1952
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
EDITORS: E. W. Gifford, R. F. Heizer, J. H. Rowe
Volume 13, No. 5, pp. 337- 376, plates 30-31
Submitted by editors May 8, 1951
Issued February 3, 1952
Price, 50 cents
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESSBERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
CALIFORNIA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON, ENGLAND
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PREFATORY NOTE
This paper is the fourth by the author based on material obtained
during the University of California archaeological expedition to Fiji
in 1947. This expedition was generously financed by the Viking Fund,
Inc.
I am indebted to Dr. Lindsay Verrier, Departmental Statistics and
Demography Branch, Southern District Medical Office, Nausori, Fiji,
for 1946 census figures on the Fijian population of Viti Levu and near-
by smaller islands. On Viti Levu proper the Fijians numbered 64,681,
on the small satellite islands 6,004. This paper is little concerned with
the latter.
iii
CONTENTS
PagePrefatory note .................................. iii
Introduction ................................... 337
Tribes without recorded origin places ....... . . . . . . . . . . 338
Tribes from Polynesia ............. .. .. ... .. .. .. . 339
Tribes from the Kauvandra Mountains ....... . . . . . . . . . . 340
Tribes from origin places other than Kauvandra .... ....... 346
Origin places with more than two tribes .... ......... 346
Origin places with two tribes ..... ............... 349
Origin places with single tribe ..... .............. 352
Sources of tribal names ........ ................... 370
Literature cited . ................................ 371
Plates ....................................... 373
MAP
Viti Levu Island, Fiji, showing provincial boundaries ... facing 1
v
TRIBES OF VITI LEVU AND THEIR
ORIGIN PLACESBY
E. W. GIFFORD
The archaeologist in Viti Levu has an advantageover his colleagues in California and most parts of theNew World, since nearly all the sites he works on arenamed and known to the Fijians. Those so named areformer places of residence of the "tribes" (yavusa) ofthe island, and are generally referred to as koro makawa,"old village." Of especial importance are those sitescalled yavutu, a term denoting an original site. How-ever, yavutu is also sometimes applied to an area orregion, as, for example, the Kauvandra Mountains, whichmany tribes name as their traditional origin place.Then the term is of no special service to the archaeolo-gist in locating an ancient site. On the other hand, whenthe yavutu is a specific ancient site, as for example,Naisongoliku (at site 17)1 or Vunda (site 26), the arch-aeologist is directed to cultural deposits of great valuefor an understanding of the prehistory of Viti Levu.
In order to facilitate my examination of Viti Levuarchaeological sites in 1947, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna sup-plied me with a list of the numerous yavusa of Viti Levutogether with their yavutu, so far as recorded. Thesedata, extracted from the many volumes of testimonyassembled by the Native Lands Commission since 1905,are published herewith, and should be useful to theethnologist and the physical anthropologist, as well asto the archaeologist, to say nothing of their intrinsicvalue as a record of Fijian social and political organi-zation.
Some tribes are now scattered among different vil-lages, less frequently in different districts, and rarelyin different provinces. Nevertheless, it should be re-membered that districts and provinces are modern ad-ministrative divisions; thus the fact that a tribe over-laps boundaries is not too significant. The story of themovements of each tribe would be a record of the in-volved and tangled skein of events, especially during thelast century and a half, when the growing power of therival kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa caused many shiftsof population. Local hostilities seem also to have beenprevalent, apart from the growth of the two kingdoms.These events cannot be considered in the present con-nection, but obviously the records of the Native LandsCommission are a mine of information, which it is to behoped will be adequately studied by anthropologists someday. Capell and Lester have made excellent but limiteduse of this source material in their paper on "LocalDivisions and Movements in Fiji."2
Whether the word "yavusa" is to be translated pre-cisely as "tribe" has been discussed byvariouswriters.Laura Thompson translates it as "phratry,"3 since ayavusa embodies a group of named patrilineal "clans"(matanggali or, in official Fijian orthographry, mataqali),and these in turn embody named patrilineal subclans(itokatoka). Dorothy M. Spencer translates "yavusa"
'The numbered sites are described in Gifford, 1951a.
2A. Capell and R. H. Lester, 1941.
3Laura Thompson, 1940, p. 32.
337
as "tribe".4 Capell and Lester give a full discussionof the yavusa and its subdivisions and point out its localvariations,5 presenting the organization and history ofthe yavusa NambukembukePas an example for Viti Levu.This yavusa embraces nine "clans," which in turn in-clude twenty-seven subclans. Like the clans and sub-clans the yavusa is patrilineal.
Mr. G. Kingsley Roth supplied the following inform-ation concerning the recording of information by theNative Lands Commission. Provision was made in theNative Lands Ordinance of 1905 for the establishment ofthe Native Lands Commission, and the section of the lawrelating to it runs as follows:
The Governor shall appoint a Native LandsCommission consisting of one or more Com-missioners, each of whom shall have the pow-ers of the Commission, who shall be chargedwith the duty of ascertaining what lands ineach province of the Colony are the rightfuland hereditary property of native owners,whether of mataqalis or in whatever manneror way or by whatever divisions or subdiv-isions of the people the same may be held.
It was as a result of that Commission's work overthe years that Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna was able to producefor me the lists printed below. Ratu Sukuna is the onlymember left of the original Native Lands Commission.In 1947 he delegated the compilation of the lists for meto Setareki M. Koto, M.B.E., the only member of thestaff of the original Commission now left.
Of the total of more than six hundred yavusa re-corded for the island of Viti Levu and small adjacentislands, such as Mbau, Malake, Serua, Yanutha, etc.,there are only about seventy-five which have no re-corded yavutu. In the body of this paper I shall use theword yavusa for "tribe" and yavutu for "origin place,"retaining "tribe" and "origin place" in the chapterheadings only.
One phenomenon, very apparent from the data pre-sented in this paper, is the considerable amount ofmovement from place to place. Few yavusa now live attheir yavutu. Some yavusa have left their yavutu andothers have moved in. Tiny, but famous, Mbau Island,twenty-one acres in area, is an excellent example ofthis. See plate 30 for an air view of the island.
The yavusa Vakali is the only one claiming MbauIsland as its yavutu, but this yavusa now lives on themainland in the villages of Vakali and Vandrai in NakeloDistrict, Tailevu Province. After leaving Mbau Islandand before settling in the present villages, the Vakalilived at Narukura and Kamba, Mbau District, TailevuProvince. There are now on Mbau Island three yavusa,
4Dorothy M. Spencer, 1941, p. 5. Miss Spencer worked in Nama-taku District, Tholo West Province.
5Capell and Lester, pp. 314-323.
6Ibid., pp. 330-335.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Kumbuna (yavutu in Nayavu District, Tailevu Province) ,'Tunindau (yavutu in the Kauvandra Mountains, RaProvince), and Nambou (yavutu Lasakau, at the foot ofthe Kauvandra Range, Ra Province). The Tunindau
people reside in the part of Mbau Island called Soso,the Nambou people in the part called Lasakau. Yet an-
other yavusa, the Vusanamu of Tongan origin, lived fora time on Mbau Island before settling in Rewa Province.
TRIBES WITHOUT RECORDED ORIGIN PLACES
Yavusa without recorded origin places are largely inthe southwestern half of Viti Levu. Tholo West Provincecontains the largest number; Nandronga Province standssecond. Other provinces with a scattering few areNandi, Mba, and Tailevu. In the last there is but a sin-gle yavusa. It is of late origin, being composed of in-crements from two other yavusa.
It is an interesting question whether yavusa withoutyavutu have merely forgotten their origin places andrepresent an early stratum of population, or whetherthese yavusa were never interested in such traditionalmatters. These tribes certainly are in marked contrast8to the overwhelming majority of Viti Levu tribes which
do claim yavutu. Another possibility is that the claimto a yavutu is a pattern which, developed by one groupof yavusa (for instance, those that claim to be of Kau-vandra origin), spread to others in somewhat themanner that fictitious genealogies are developed by orfor the rulers of Negro tribes in Africa which have beenMohammedanized. That this has probably happened issuggested by certain tribes which, though claiming Kau-vandra origin, are of different speech from most Kau-vandra tribes, for example, those in the Kauvandra list(pp. 342-345) with names prefixed by lewei, noi, andkai, all meaning "people of."9
YAVUSA WITHOUT RECORDED YAVUTU
Yavusa Village
Emalu .......... NakoroNanduta
Kavindi ......... NukuilauKeasuna ........ YavuloKeasungananggali.. . MbalenambeloKetenavunivalu ... . Emuri
NaimbulukauKetenatukani ...... KoroisanganaKeyasi .......... Tawaleka
WalaKeyasungananggali. VolinangeruaKoroivangandra .... Nawau
TauKoronikula ....... YanduaKorowaiwai ...... NasivikosoKumbunithere ..... Mbalenambelo
NamandaVatukarasa
Leweikoromani.. .. TauLeweilomo ....... NambilaLewinakurasinga ... LomawaiLeweinasoni ...... NavisambasambaLeweitoko ........ NausoriLeweivaranga . . . . . YakoLeweivunaniu ..... YakoMataono ......... Ndraimba
NandevoMatatini ......... NasauthokoMataviavia ....... SemoMbolambolal0 ..... NalembalembaMota ........... Nukuilau
NakoroNakaria . ......... YakoNakumbulevu ...... NandralaNalangi ......... NandralaNalolo .......... Kumbuna
LomawaiNamalo ......... Mbukuya
NatambunggutoNambau ......... NaviyangoNamboka ........ Korotongo
VatukarasaNambua1 . Oveya
7See Derrick, 1946, p. 54, n. 4, for still earlier details about theKumbuna people, whom he describes as "the chiefly yavusa of Bau."
8Cf. Capell and Lester, p. 318.
District Prolonce
Noikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNasingatoka NandrongaKoroinasau Tholo WestTuva NandrongaMbulu MbaNanggalimare Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestMbemana Tholo WestMomi NandrongaWai NandrongaThuvu NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestKoroinasau Tholo WestKorolevuiwai Tholo iVestKorolevuiwai Tholo WestWai NandrongaMomi NandrongaWai NandrongaMalomalo NandrongaNamataku Tholo WestMomi NandrongaMomi NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestMangondro Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestTuva NandrongaMbemana Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestNoikoro Tholo WestMomi NandrongaThonua Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestWai NandrongaWai NandrongaMangondro Tholo WestMangondro Tholo WestNamataku Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestThonua Tholo WestMbau Tailevu
9Ibid., p. 320. l"Mentioned, ibid., p. 319."Composed of parts of the yavusa Nalewandina and Tonga of
Namara District, Tailevu Province, and presumably of late origin.
338
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUSA WITHOUT RECORDED YAVUTU (cont.)
Yavusa Village District Province
,%,
Nambure ........
Namuka .....
Nandrukumboto ....
Nanggeleusa .
Nanuku.Naroyasi.
Nasatongo......Nasau ..........
Nasikawa .
Natavathake ......
Natavaya.Navakoro .
Navake.Navunuma.Nayambe ........
Ndrusau .........Ndukusuna.Noi Kuata.......Noi Lau ...
Noi Mandundu.Noi Nambua ......
Noi Thambe ......
Noi Tonga'3......Noi Toruku ......
Noi Tumbai ......
Noi Wai .........
Noi Werendrunga...Nuku .
Nukuvura ........
Rewasali ......
Ruailevu ........
Ruwailevu.Seniuthi .........Talatala ........
Tiolovo.Tumbeinonggi14.Tumbeitarewa .
Vasuikoro ......
Vunambaka ......Vunandakua...
Yavusatina .......
NandralaVouaLaselaseNandrunguYavuniMbukuyaNasivikosoRukurukulevuSemoNumbutoluVatunarembaTongaMatokanaNakoro
NatawaNangusutambuNandevoNdraimbaNaviyangoRukurukulevuNakalavoNaindiriNayawaKoronisanganaTongaVunanggoruVotuaNawamangiNavutuTanganggeYavuniTawalekaNarataNaevuevuNdraimbaWalaNasauthokoKorovouWalaTawalekaNggerenggereYavuniNatunukuRaiwanggaNambauNasauthokoVunatovauMbukuyaNatambunggutoTonge
ThonuaTuvaNasingatokaNalotoVaturuMagondroMangondroThuvuTuvaNasikawaVaturuNanggalimareNoikoroNoikoro
VaturuKoroinasauMangondroMangondroNamatakuThuvuNokonokoMalomaloNasingatokaNanggalimareNanggalimareNanggalimareKorolevuiwaiThonuaWaiKorolevuiwaiVaturuNamatakuThonuaThuvuNamatakuNamatakuNamatakuNasikawaNasikawaNamatakuNokonokoVaturuMbuluMavuaTuvaNamatakuNokonokoMangondroMangondroNaloto
Tholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandiTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestNandiTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestTholo WestNandrongaNandiMbaTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestNandrongaTholo WestTholo WestNandronga
TRIBES FROM POLYNESIA
It is frequently observed that the tallness of coastaldwellers in Viti Levu is probably due to Polynesian ad-mixture, but Polynesian origin is claimed by only threeyavusa, one in Tholo West Province and two in RewaProvince. These three claim Tongan origin; noneclaims Samoan or other Polynesian ancestry. However,Mbauan "s" is cognate with Samoan "s," and the "h"of southwestern Viti Levu is cognate with Tongan "h."My limited evidence of only three yavusa of Polynesian
"For details of organization see Capell and Lester, p. 319.13See Gifford, 1951a, site 32 (Mbulu), pp. 253-254.
origin, and these from Tonga, does not gainsay the pos-
sibility that others of Polynesian origin have been for-gotten; nor does it gainsay the absorption of castawaysinto the population without their being indicated by a
yavusa name. This last circumstance would apply par-
ticularly to women castaways or immigrants, since theyavusa of Viti Levu are patrilinear.
Two yavusa in Rewa Province named places in thekingdom of Tonga as the location of their yavutu.
"'See Capell and Lester, pp. 320, 321, for mention of this yavusa
and for diagram of Raiwangga village.
Nambua1 Mavua Mavua
I
339
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Yavusa Nailarumbe; yavutu Mua, TongatapuIsland, Tonga. Now lives in Nasingatoka Vil-lage, District of Rewa, Province of Rewa. Be-fore settling in Rewa this yavusa lived atTavuki, Kandavu Island.Yavusa Vusanamu; yavutu Kolomotua, Tonga-
tapu Island, Tonga. Now lives in Nambua Vil-lage, District of Rewa, Province of Rewa. Be-fore settling in Rewa this yavusa lived on MbauIsland, Tailevu Province.
In addition to the two yavusa in Rewa Provinceclaiming yavutu in Tongatapu Island, a third yavusa, theNoi Tonga of Tholo West Province has already been re-corded under the caption "Tribes without RecordedOrigin Places." Noi Tonga is the only one naming a
definite individual as ancestor, namely, Finau MaileLatumai, apparently a political refugee of about 1800.
In Rewa Province there is a district of Tonga andan island of Tonga, where now live three yavusa (Vuthi,Nakorolevu, and Navokai), whose yavutu are on the sameisland. Whether these claim ultimate descent from thekingdom of Tonga was not learned. The yavutu of thefirst two is Nakorolevu; of the third Nanggavoka. Inaddition, yavusa Tonga from yavutu Tonga lives inNaroko district, Ra Province, but the location of theyavutu was not learned, except that it may be the placecalled Tonga, near site 14 (Namotutu) 16 rather than theKingdom of Tonga. Another tribe named Tonga claimsthe Kauvandra Mountains as yavutu. Capell and Lester '7assume that other Polynesians besides Tongans settledin Fiji.
TRIBES FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS 4
Yavusa claiming Nakauvandra (the KauvandraMountains), Ra Province, as their origin place totalseventy-nine. (Those in two provinces have beencounted twice.) From the standpoint of myth and legendthese would be the yavusa dispersed from that mountainrange after the war and the rise of dialectic differencementioned in the origin tale.'8
The yavusa of Kauvandra origin are now living insix of the modern provinces, with the heaviest concen-tration (44 tribes) in Tailevu Province, eastern VitiLevu. Nandi Province in the west has 20, Serua Prov-ince 9, Tholo West Province 3, Rewa Province 2, andLautoka Province 1. The two Rewa yavusa are theonly ones to name definite places in the KauvandraMountains as yavutu, namely Matanikoro and Narau-yamba. It is of special interest that none of the modernyavusa of Ra Province claim Kauvandra as their yavu-tu. Instead they name various specific localities asyavutu, certain of them being at archaeological site 17.To the Ra tribes the Kauvandra Range is a holy andfearsome region, residence of the god Ndengei, wholives there in snake form. Part of the pathway of thedead also lies along this mountain range.
It is to be doubted that seventy-nine yavusa camefrom the Kauvandra Mountains, which occupy a rela-tively small portion of the surface of Viti Levu. Theprecipitous character of the range makes it unlikelythat it ever held much of a population. The explanationof the attribution to a Kauvandra origin lies, I believe,in the prestige attaching to such an origin, since theimportant deified ancestor Ndengei is supposed to re-side in that rangeP9
However, another possible explanation is that notthe tribe themselves but only single tribal ancestorscame from that region. I know of only one example ofthis, however: the yavusa Nambukembuke, which claimsan origin place of the same name, apparently in TholoEast Province. This happens to be the sample yavusaselected for Viti Levu by Capell and Lester to exem-plify yavusa history. The account they translated fromthe Native Lands Commission records states that theancestor (vu) alone came from the Kauvandra Mount-ains20and, after marrying, founded a village at Nambu-kembuke which became the tribal origin place (yavutu).I have listed Nambukembuke in the section "OriginPlaces with Single Tribe."
When the provincial distribution of the Kauvandra
15Gifford, 1951a, site 32 (Mbulu), pp. 253-254.
16Ibid., p. 248."Capell and Lester, p. 48.
yavusa is compared with the distribution of those with-out recorded yavutu, the two groups are found to belargely mutually exclusive in distribution, a fact that isno doubt of historical significance. (In the followinglist yavusa living in two provinces have been countedtwice.)
Provinces
Tailevu.Nandi .Serua . . . . .
Tholo West.Rewa .........Lautoka.NandrongaMba ........Ra.............Naitasiri.Namosi.Tholo East.Tholo North.
Number of Yavusa Number of Yavusaof Kauvandra Origin without Recorded Yavutu
442093210000000
150
4000
28200000
From the map it will be observed that the Kauvandrayavusa occupy provinces to the southeast, south, andwest of that mountain range, which lies in Ra Province.The absence of Kauvandra yavusa from several modernprovinces is doubtless of historical significance. Noneis reported for Ra Province, in which the mountainrange lies, nor for other extensive provinces: Naita-siri, Nandronga, Tholo East, Tholo North, and Mba.The scanty number reported in the provinces of TholoWest, Rewa, and Lautoka ranks these provinces as un-important in the distribution of Kauvandra yavusa. Therelatively large number in Nandi Province in the farwest is difficult to understand.
My theoretical interpretation of the distribution ofthese two categories of yavusa is that they are of dif-ferent strata of population. The Kauvandra yavusa areprobably a late stratum that stems from the legendarysecond Ndengei immigration of about 1600. I am con-vinced that these immigrants were Melanesians, not
21Polynesians as Brewster surmises.Yavusa without yavutu are, I think, mostl.y early
Melanesians and in small part late-arriving Polynes-ians, probably specifically Tongans. The Melanesians
18Gifford, 1951b, p. 173. Apparently Biblical influence.'9Brewster, 1922, p. 269.'OCapell and Lester, p. 331."Gifford, 1951b, p. 176; Brewster, pp. 255, 258.
4
-4
340
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
would represent an early pre-Kauvandra stratum ofpopulation and the Polynesians a minor post-Kauvandrastratum. The yavusa Noi Tonga, of Tholo West Prov-ince, claiming no yavutu, nevertheless traced its an-cestry to a Tongan named Finau Maile Latumai, whoprobably arrived about 18002 (Two other yavusa, ofRewa Province, claiming yavutu in the kingdom ofTonga, have been discussed under the heading "Tribesfrom Polynesia.") Moreover, in Nandronga and partsof Tholo West, Tongan "h" replaces official Mbauan"s" in local dialects. The name of site 36, Namahara,is an example?3
The yavusa claiming Kauvandra as their yavutu illus-trate the geographic origin of many Fijian yavusa names.
22For details see Gifford, 1951&, p. 254.
23Ibid., p. 255.
Forty are named for the old village or first place ofsettlement after leaving the legendra yavutu. Many ofthe settlements made after leaving Kauvandra cannot belocated on the 1939 map, since they have been abandoned.It is probably significant of legendary rather than realorigin that no yavusa of Kauvandra origin employs thatname as its yavusa name. Many yavusa of other origin
are named for their yavutu, as will be apparent fromthe lists given in sections beyond.
In the lists which follow I shall employ the designa-tion "old village" for the settlements occupied afterleaving the yavutu but before moving to the present vil-lage. In some few cases the move was from the yavututo the present village. In still rarer instances a yavusamay still reside at its yavutu.
341
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS
Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province
Kai Loa .....
Kambatia....
Koromba
Koronikalou
Korovau .
Leweinanggali.
Leweivulani..
Matanikoro
Mathoi....
Mbatiki
Mbau.. ..
Mbemanu ....
Mbolambola . .
Muana ......
Nailavutu.
Naithula.. .
Naivakathere..
Nakamakama. .
Nakorolevu...
Nakukuthoko . .
Nganganamoli, Sikiturunear Korovuto
Kambatia, SawaUluitova
Koromba Yavuna
Thautata Thautata
Koroimbure, Tumbeinasol(near Koromba
Nanggara at NamulomuloNarararua
Vunaniu, YavusaniaYavusania
Kumbuna, NukuiNayavu Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Kumbuna to VisinuNavaka, NothoDist., RewaProv.
Mathoi Nambureniva
Namena Dist. Uthunivanua
Mbatiki Id., op- Nakalawathaposite Nanduru-loulou
Mbau, Wailotua Nakorovou
(the same) Navunisole
Nawaka Nawaka
Vatukinimai, YavunaMbolambola
Nataveya, Nuku NatongandravDist.
Emua, between YavusaniaYako and Koro-vuto
Naithula Nggelekuro
Nailenga near VatukarasaNambaitavo
Vunimbini, NdorokavuRewa
Nakukuthoko,Navotua Ridge
(the same)
Sikitutu
Llu
vru
Waithoka
Naitutu
Veinungga
Verata
Nawaka
Mbau
Nawaka
Nawaka
Sikituru
Rewa
Notho
Namena
Verata
Namara
Namalata
Namalata
Nawaka
Nawaka
Nuku
Sikituru
Namena
Taivungalei
Rewa
Mbau
Namalata
Nandi
Tailevu
Nandi
Tailevu
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Rewa
Rewa
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Nandi
Tailevu
Nandi
Tailevu
Tailevu
Rewa
Tailevu
Tailevu
Namalata Tailevu________________________________________ A
342
.o
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS (cont.)
Yavusa ]_Old Village Present Village District Province
Nakukuthoko
Naloto....
Namboutini ...
Namoa .
Nandakua ....
Nandruku .
Nanggele
Naovini .
Nasau.
Nasaunivalu .
Nasaunivalu
Nasautoka ...
Nasevaravara
Nasoroiwatha
Nathulava
Natongandravu
Nautondua ...
Navalavungga
Navitilevi....
Navo .......
Nawaimbuta..
(Nasau)
Nawaindina ...
Nawaka.
Ndavetalevu
(the same) Nakalawatha
Naloto, Nasau- Nevithovatutoka Dist., Tho-lo East Pray.
Namboutini
Namoa
Nandakua
Nandruku,Noikoro Dist.,Tholo WestProv.
Nanggele
Naovini
Nasau
(the same)
Korovutia
Ndakuinuku
Nasau
Malambi
Korovisilou
Nggelekuro
Londoni
Matathula
Nakalawatha
Sikituru
Keyasi
Nasautoka Vuna
Vatukinimai on YavunaKoromba Hill
Nasoroiwatha, WainimatanNavosa
Nathulava, near Namanggu-Mbalenambelo, mangguaKoroinasauDist., TholoWest Prov.
Wailase, Nau-
sori, Naselai
Navalavungga
Koroisuthun-
dua, Wailotua
Navo
Nawaimbuta
(the same)
Nawaindina
Nawaka
Lga
Tangangge
Natongandravu
Kamba
Nasaimbitu
Veinungga
Vunayasi
Nailenga
Navunisole
Matathula
Nawaka
Vatoa
Namalata
Naloto
Sawakasa
Naloto
Wailevu
Serua
Namena
Sawakasa
Namalata
Namalata
Sikituru
Namataku
Wailevu
Nawaka
Nuku
Serua
Korolevuiwai
Nuku
Mbau
Nayavu
Namalata
Nandi
Namalata
Namalata
Namalata
Nawaka
Mbau
343
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Serua
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Tholo West
Tailevu
Nandi
Serua
Serua
Tholo West
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
TailevuI
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTAINS (cont.)
Yavusa I_Old Village Present Village District Province
Ndaviko .....
Ndere.
Ndeumba ....
Ndravuni
Nggelema .
Noi Korolevu. .
Noi Korotongo.
Noi Vunatoto. .
Noi Yasawa..
Raiwangga ...
Rara .......
Salatu ......
Sayake ......
Tai .
Taivungalei ...
Tambukasivi..
Tathi .
Tathilevu ....
Tholoinasau . .
Ndaviko
(the same)
Ndere
(the same)
"Separated atNanggatava"
Mbureta, Ova-lau Id., to Rewato Ndeumba
Wainivalau,Waindina,Naitasiri
(the same)
Nggelema
Korolevu nearNoikoro
Nawangganda-mu
Nawaka
Nambitu
Raiwangga
(the same)
Rara
Salatu, Taivun-
galei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Sayake near
Navatusila,Vatumalimali
Tai
Korombasuka
to MbuaTaivungaleinear NamekaVillage
(the same)
Lau
Tathilevu,
NamalataTholoinasau
Veinungga
Navunimono
Namburenivalu
Lawaki
Nggelekuro
Savaniviuto
Sandro
Savaniuto
Nasaimbitu
Vunimbau
Vatutu
Nawaka
Rararua
Uto
Nawanggandamu
Nanggia
Nakalawatha
Nuku
Luvunavuaka
Naseva
Taivungalei
Natuva
Kiuva
Silana
Matathauthau
Mburerua
Namalata
Verata
Namena
Namena
Namena
Ndeumba
Ndeumba
Ndeumba
Nayavu
Ndeumba
Nawaka
Nawaka
Rukuruku
Rukuruku
Rukuruku
Nayavu
Namalata
Nuku
Namena
Taivungalei
Taivungalei
Taivungalei
Mbau
Ndawasamu
Namalata
Namalata
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Serua
Serua
Serua
Tailevu
Serua
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Tailevu
Tailevu
Serua
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
344
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUSA FROM THE KAUVANDRA MOUNTATS (cont.)=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9
Yavusa
Thonua......
Tonga ......
Tova .......
Tuikoro .....
Tuinawainovo
Tuimbai .....
Tunindau ....
Ua.........
Vanukula ....
Vatuthou ....
Voni ....
Vunatangga. . .
Vusu .......
Werelevu ....
Yasa .......
Old Village Present Village District Province
Yauyau, Mba Koroiatha Sambeto Nandi
Tonga, near
Visa Village,Vungalei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Tova
Korolevu,
Namara Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Nawainovo,
NdawasamuDist., TailevuProv.
Nasaunoko-noko, Navosa
Nambua
Vitongo Hill
Vatuthou
Voni
Vunatangga
Vusu, NoikoroDist., TholoWest Prov.
(the same)
(the same)
(the same)
(the same)
(the same)
Matanavatu
Kumi, then toYasa
Nakorolevu Namara
Nasinu
Nananu
Namburenivalu
Mbengga
Soso (Mbau)
Saunaka
Vitongo
Mburelevu
Ndriti
Vatutu
Mbiyausevu
Namatakula
Komave
Vunimaravu
Namayava
Wainandiro
Rararua
Kumi
Ndawasamu
Namena
Namena
Nuku
Mbau
Nandi
Vitongo
Namena
Ndawasamu
Nawaka
Komave
Komave
Komave
Komave
Komave
Nuku
Rukuruku
Verata
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Serua
Tailevu
Nandi
Lautoka
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Serua
Nandi
Tailevu
345
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
TRIBES FROM ORIGIN PLACES OTHER THAN KAUVANDRA
Yavutu from which two or more yavusa were derivedmay be regarded as more important than those fromwhich only a single one came. The Kauvandra Mountains,already discussed, are the reputed yavutu of numeroustribes, and consequently the most important. Other ya-vutu in Viti Levu have from nine to one yavusa. I havebroken these down into three groups, as follows: (1)those with more than two tribes; (2) those with twotribes; (3) those with a single tribe.
Five provinces contain no yavusa of Kauvandra ori-gin, none of known Polynesian origin, and none withoutorigin places. These are the provinces of Ra (exclusive
of the Kauvandra Mts.), Naitasiri, Namosi, Tholo East,and Tholo North.
It seems likely that yavutu claimed by two or moreyavusa are indication that such yavusa may be relatedin origin. Such relationship, of course, can only be es-tablished by legends and genealogies.
ORIGIN PLACES WITH MORE THAN TWO TRIBES
I have arranged these yavutu in descending order ofnumber of yavusa, from nine to three. Each yavutuname is used as a paragraph side head.
Waithomba. - The nine yavusa listed below claim Waithomba District, Nandronga Province, as their yavutu.
Yavusa
Likulolo.Nalimoulevu ...
Nasawene.Noi Narongi ...Noi Nasesevia . .
Noi Natualeka . .
Noi Yasawa....Tavarua .
Werelevu.
Present Village
....... ...Nasovotava
....... ...VangandraVolivoli
....... ....Narata
....... ...Nasovatava
....... ...Narewa
....... ....Vatutoko
....... ....Narata
....... ....NarataNatawatawandi
....... ...Narata
District
WaithombaWaithombaNasingatokaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaWaithombaNanggalimareWaithomba
Verata. - Eight yavusa claim Verata as their yavutu. The ancient village site of Verata (archaeological site2)24 is famous, according to Sir Lala Sukuna, as the yavutu of yavusa forming parts of the nineteenth-centuryrival kingdoms of Mbau and Rewa. Ancient Verata is in Verata District, Tailevu Province.
Old Village
NaikasakasaNamata, Namata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.Lokia, Rewa Prov.Motonoko, Viria Dist.,Naitasiri Prov.Landed at Vunda,Lautoka Prov., thento VerataNamakoNamako
Present Village
NalotoKumiNavatuyamba
VeiyanuyanuViria
Uthunivanua
NanduriaNakorovou
District Province
VerataVerataTonga
TongaViria
TailevuTailevuRewa
RewaNaitasiri
Verata Tailevu
Ndreketi RewaNdreketi Rewa
Saivou. - Saivou District, Ra Province, is the origin place of the seven yavusa listed below.There is another Nakoro yavusa from yavutu Natakali, which see in this section.
Yavusa
Nakoro .Naroko .Navitini.NawanggavesiTauvau .Tokaimalo....Vatundamu ...
Present Village
LutuRewasaNavuangaNanokonokoMbukaMbureloaNaiserelangi
Endronu. - One of the most interesting yavutu formore than two yavusa is Endronu, on the Tualeita Range,which is near Vunda, Lautoka Province. The five yavusalisted below claim Fndronu as their yavutu. All nowlive in the Sambeto District, Nandi Province, close to
2"Gifford, 1951a, p. 243.
the Tualeita Range which lies between Sambeto Districtand our site Vunda (site 26). In the list supplied bySetariki M. Koto, M.B.E., from the records of the Na-tive Lands Commission, is the following comment con-
cerning the Tualeita Range: "[ The god] Ndengei was
Province
NandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaNandrongaTholo WestNandronga
Yavusa
Mburetu . . .NaikasakasaNokonoko
TathilevuVerata ....
Vunivalu ...
VuniyavuWainasuwe
District
MuairaNarokoNarokoNarokoNarokoNakuailavaNaroko
Province
Tholo EastRaRaRaRaRaRa
346
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
there also before Kauvandra." This, I assume, refersto the "second" Ndengei, who, according to legend 2,traveled from the Vunda region to Nakauvandra. TheVunda people give primacy to Lutunasombasomba, com-mander of the ship Kaunitoni, and make Ndengei hisassistant. The Tualeita Range is that which Lutunasom-basomba and his followers ascended, when they set outfrom Vunda for the Kauvandra Mountains. As they as-cended Tualeita, they bent the trees over with theirhands, thus giving rise to the name Viti (to bend or tobreak) for the island Viti Levu, according to my Vundainformants. Lutunasombasomba died while en route to
Kauvandra. The Tualeita Range is the western part ofthe pathway of the dead, the Kauvandra Range the east-ern part.
Yavusa
Leweikoro.Leweindrasa .
Leweiwawwa ...
Ne .
Waruta ......
Present Village
NamboutiniNandeleNakorokoroyawaNandeleNatalau
Mburembasanga. - Five yavusa claim Mburembasanga, in the district of that name in Rewa Province, astheir yavutu. (Ratu Rambithi Vuikandavu Longavatu, who served as my aide in archaeological work, is a mem-ber of the matanggali Valelevu of the yavusa Mburembasanga, listed below.)
Yavusa Old Village
Mburembasanga..... LomanikoroMburenivalu ....... NaivindamuNaimbatisuli ...... NameremereNatheruku ......... ...
Navirourou ........ ...
Present Village
LomanikoroNdraumbutaNdraumbutaNambituVuthi
Namboutini. - The yavutu Namboutini, in Sawakasa District, Tailevu Province, is the source of five yavusa,all living in Tailevu Province today.
Old Village Present Village District
Mbure ........Nambati .Nambuto ......Waimaro ....
Wainivesi
Vatulawalawa SawakasaNambati NananuNambuto VorovoroTaunovo, Naloto Dist., MbureruaTailevu Prov.(the same) SawakasaVeikau Sawakasa
Natakali. - Claiming their yavutu named Natakali, at Taivungalei, Taivungalei District, Tailevu Province,are the following four yavusa. Another Nakoro yavusa, with yavutu at Saivou, lives in Tholo East Province.See yavusa listed under Saivou in this section.Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province
Nakoro .Ravunivungalei .....Vungalei ..........
Vunisanggiwa......
* . .
MatanikoroiwaluMbotiaMbotiaFrom Verata toNatakaliFrom Verata toNatakaliFrom Verata toNatakaliNatalatu
NatoaikaNanggelendamuKasavuNatoaikaVisa
Savu
Tombuninggio
NaisaumuaSote
Kavuwa. - The location of the yavutu Kavuwa was not recorded, although it is the source of four yavusa,residing principally in Mba Province.
Yavusa
Namathuku
Nakusarau ........
Tio.
'5Gifford, 1951b, p. 170.
Old Villlage
NakusarauNakusarau
Present Village
SasaNailangaNasoloTambaleiTongalevuNailangaSorokombaNailanga
Yavusa
District
RewaTokatokaTokatokaTokatokaTokatoka
Province
RewaTailevuTailevuTailevuTailevu
SawakasaNamenaNdawasamuSawakasa
SawakasaSawakasa
NaitasiriNamataNaitasiriNaitasiriVungalei
Vungalei
Vungalei
TaiVungalei
NaitasiriTailevuNaitasiriNaitasiriTailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
TailevuTailevu
District
MbuluNailangaNailangaMangondroMbuluNailangaMbuluNailanga
Province
MbaMbaMbaTholo WestMbaMbaMbaMba
347
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Tukani. .. Bank of NavisaCreek(the same)(the same)
Sorokomba
NailangaNatutu
Mbulu
NailangaNailanga
Mba
MbaMba
Nasautoka. - Nasautoka District, Tholo East Province, is the yavutu of four yavusa, one with the nameNasautoka. The four yavusa with Nasautoka yavutu are the following:
Yavusa
Naivuthini .Nasautoka .
Rara
Wailevu
Old Village
NaivuthiniNakorolevu, NamaraDist., Tailevu Prov.;Ndelai(the same)(the same)Rara,Naitasiri Prov.Wailevu,Tailevu Prov.
Present Village
VunaMburenitu
NalotoVunaWailotua
Wailotua
Vunda. - Four yavusa claim ancient Vunda (arch-aeological site 26)26 as their yavutu. Vunda is in VundaDistrict, Lautoka Province. These four yavusa stilllive in villages in Vunda District, though no one livesany longer at the ancient site.
The yavusa Sambutoyatoya named Yavuna as well as
Vunda as its yavutu. The location of Yavuna is notknown. Furthermore this yavusa, or a part of it, trav-elled to Ra Province. The statement concerning this, inthe Land Office data supplied to me, reads as follows:"To Nakauvandra, Ra; some landed at Malake Island."They perhaps returned to Vunda, as there is no recordof them in Ra in modern times.
Yavusa Old Village Present Village
Kai Vunda...... Yandro, according
to author's Vundainformants.
Lauwaki
In Ra Province the yavusa claiming Mburenitu as
their yavutu are as follows:
Yavusa
Mburenitu.....
Ndama ........
Namolimbale . .
Present Village
.. MburenituNavolauNavuniiviNailawa
. . SowaMbureimbau
. . Sowa
District
NalawaNavolauNavitilevuTokaimaloMbureivanuaMbureiwaiMbureivanua
Nailango. - Three yavusa, one named Mburenitu,claim as their yavutu Nailango, the location of which isnot recorded, but it might well be in Nambaitavo Dis-trict, Naitasiri Province, where the three yavusa now
live.
SambutoyatoyaThawanisa ..... NathokotiViyangoisaukova . Nasorovakatini
ViseiseiLomolomoNanganga
Korolevu. - Four yavusa name Korolevu as theiryavutu but there is no assurance that it is always thesame Korolevu, since Korolevu is a common name andthe locations of these four are not given. However,three of these yavusa are also named Korolevu. With-out further inquiry it is impossible to be sure that thesethree are all one yavusa, although the two in Ra Prov-ince likely are.
PresentYavusa Village District Province
Korolevu. . . VatutuMbarotuNawairuki
Tambariki. . Waimbasanga
NawakaSaivouLawakiMuaira
NandiRaRaTholo East
Mburenitu. - There are several Mburenitu yavutu,one in Ra Province (probably the village of Mburenituin Nalawa District), another in Namataku District, TholoWest Province, listed under "Origin Places with TwoTribes." There are also two other Mburenitu yavutulisted under "Origin Places with Single Tribe."
26Gifford, 1951a, pp. 199-202.
Yavusa Present Village
Mburenitu .......... NambaitavoMburewatu .......... Nambaitavo
Navakatalewai ........ Navoka
Namasia. - The yavutu Namasia is probably in RaProvince, since the three yavusa claiming it as yavutuall live at present in Ra Province. They are the follow-ing:
YavusaPresentVillage
Nalaumbu ...... MatawailevuNamasia ...... SoweriTikoivatu...... Matawailevu
District
NalawaLawakiNalawa
Nanggali. - Nanggali, perhaps in Naitasiri Province,is the yavutu of three yavusa living in the province.
PresentYavusa Village District
Nanggali ....... NandakuniNawaindina...... Kalambu
Rokotuitai ...... Navuso
NawaindinaNaitasiriNaitasiri
District
WailevuNasautoka
NasautokaNasautokaWailevu
Wailevu
Province
TailevuTholo East
Tholo FastTholo EastTailevu
Tailevu
348
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
ORIGIN PLACES WITH TWO TRIBES
Only two yavusa in this section, Nasaumatua andSawa, are not attributed to Viti Levu or one of its satel-lites but to another Fijian Island, Ovalau Island, theiryavutu being Nasaumatua at Lovoni. Under the heading"Origin Places with Single Tribe" is listed the yavusaNavatulevu from the yavutu Nandi, Mbua Province,Vanualevu Island.
Of special interest are two yavusa claiming as ya-vutu the modern village of Lomolomo in Vunda District,Lautoka Province. These are the yavusa Lomolomo andTumbumbere, both now residing in the Vunda District.The yavusa Tumbumbere lives in Viseisei Village. TheLomolomo reside at Lomolomo Village which is also
their yavutu. This is the site of the rock, now carefullyfenced and covered, where the legendary immigrantleader Lutanasombasomba bade farewell to those follow-ers who elected to remain behind at Vunda, while he andothers set out for the Kauvandra Mountains.27
In the following list, yavutu with two tribes are listedalphabetically (Lomolomo excepted) as the best meansof bringing together the pairs of yavusa claiming thesame yavutu. Some others, as in the list of those fromthe Kauvandra Mountains, are named for old villages oc-cupied by the tribes after leaving their yavutu, but be-fore settling in their present villages. The word dis-trict when enclosed in quotation marks, does not signifya modern governmental division.
27Gifford, 1951b, p. 169. See also Capell and Lester, p. 326.
349
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA
Yavutu I Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District j Province
Korosenga-senga......
Korosenga-senga......
Kumbuna ....
Kumbuna ....
Kumbuna
Lombau .
Lombau .
Lutu .
Lutu.
Lutu.
Matai
Matai
Mburelevu
Mburelevu ...
Mburelevu ...
Mburenitu ...
Mburenitu ...
Naikasakasa.
Naikasakasa.
Nalewandina
Nayavu Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
(the same)
(the same)
Near NanduruVillage, NausoriDist., TailevuProv.
Lutu Village,Lutu Dist., TholoEast Prov.
(the same)
(the same)
Mburembasanga,Rewa Prov.
Raviravi Dist.
Namataku Dist.,Navosa, TholoWest Prov.
(the same)
Naisausau
Naveisere
Kumbuna28
Naisausau
Mbau
Nggalivakambau
Lombau
Vunivivi
Lutu
Lutu
Navunikavika
Matai
Navakasombuoka
Mburelevu
Sau
Mburenitu Namoli
Nakoroivau
Namuka
Mokani
Nausori
Lutu
Nanukaloa
Lutu
Naila
Mburemba-sanga
Vitawa
Nambukandra
Nayavuira
Nambukelevu
Vusaratu Korolevu, VunanuiNoikoro Dist.,Tholo WestProv.
Naivakalau Naivakalau, a Naisaumuahill at Ndelaitai
Nautu Nautu, then to NdravuniNaivisoma nearNaitutu Village,Namalata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Namara
Namara
Mbau
Mbau
Mbau
Ndravo
Nausori
Lutu
Lutu
Lutu
Ndravo
Mburemba-sanga
Raviravi
Kavula
Navitilevu
Komave
Serua
Tai
Tai
Naisongoliku. Iaisongoliku,(site 17), Ravi-ravi Dist., RaProv.
Naisongoliku
28The chiefly yavusa of Mbau Island. See Derrick, p. 54, n. 4.
350
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
TholoEast
TholoEast
TholoEast
Tailevu
Rewa
Ra
Ra
Ra
TholoWest
Serua
Tailevu
Tailevu
Vitawa Raviravi Ra
I
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavutu Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province
Naisongoliku . .
Naitasiri ....
Naitasiri ....
Naitasiri. .
Naivakathau
Naivakathau
Naivakathau
Nakauraki ...
(the same)
Naitasiri
Ndaunavatu
Matanikutu
Naitasiri
Near Taivunga-lei, Tailevu Prov.
(the same)
Nasaunokonoko,Namosi Prov.
Mburekonotho
Mbole
Naivakathau
Naivakathau
Namara
Nakauraki
Nandongoloa
Nanggarani
Tamavua
Wailevu
Naisausau
Nanggelendamu
Naivakathau
Totonakavu Muanaira
Nakauraki ...
Nakorolevu.
Nakorolevu.
Nakorolevu.
Nambila .....
Nambila .
Nambila. . . . .
Nambulu ....
Nambulu ....
Nanumbu ....
Nanumbu
Nanumbu ....
Nanumbu
Nasau ......
Nasau.
Nasau.
Nasau.
Nasau ......
Nasaumatua
Nasaumatua
Natokea
Tonga Id.,Rewa Prov.
(the same)
(the same)
Vaturu
Vaturu
Vaturu
Nukutambua
Nakorolevu
Vuthi
Nasau
Yalatina
Nambulu
Taumbere
Ketenamasi
Mouth of Nan-di River
(the same)
Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.
(the same)
Lovoni, OvalauId.
(the same)
Leweitangga-lulu
Noi Nainggoro
Tukani
Nasau
Nasau
Nasau
Nasaumatua
Sawa
Yanutha Id. Yanutha Id.
Muana -
Navatuyamba
Savatha
Natawa
Yavuni
Vatunaremba
Tukuraki
Wala Tukuraki
Sanasana
Nasingatoka
Lomawai
Sanasana
Nainggoro Navothi
Namotomoto
Nasau
Ovalau
Naivotho
Ndaku
Ndaku
Natokea Namuaimanda
351
Mbureiwai
Notho
Naitasiri
Nailenga
Namata
Namata
Mburetu
Vutia
Ra
Rewa
Naitasiri
TholoEast
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Rewa
Serua
Tonga
Tonga
Tonga
Vaturu
Vaturu
Vaturu
Nalotawa
Nalotawa
Malomalo
Nasingatoka
Wai
Malomalo
Nandi
Nandi
Nandrau
Nandrau
Mbureiwai
Mburetu
Mburetu
Serua
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Mba
Mba
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandi
Nandi
TholoNorth
TholoNorth
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Navolau Ra
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH TWO YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavutu Location Yavusa Old Village Present Village District Province
Natokea .....
Ndravo .....
Ndravo.
Uluithalia ....
Uluithalia ....
Vanuasanga-sanga ......
Vanuasanga-sanga ......
Vanuasanga-sanga ......
Rara
Nangarorua
Navitomi
Thalia
Vuniniumatarua
Vindilo
Viyangonivalu
Naisongovau
Vitongo
Vitongo
Vitongo
Navolau
Naisongovau
Ndravo
Vuniniundrovu
Vuniniundrovu
Namoli
Nalotawa
Nanuku
Vanuasanga-sanga ......
Vanuasanga-sanga .....
Vaturua ..
Vaturua . . .
Vaturua .....
Viria .......
Viria .......
Vitongo Hill
Vitongo Hill
Viwa .......
Viwa .......
Vunimoli ....
Vunimoli
Vutuvo .
Vutuvo .
Vitongo
Vitongo
Nasausauwai
Vaturua
Naitasiri Prov.
Nathowaliva
Nanduanuku
Nambakai
Tunuloa
Nayaumunu
Viwa
Muaisolia
Vunimoli
Naluna
Vutuvo
Naluna
Navilawa
Tukuraki
Namarai
Lau
Vaturua
Viria
Tholoisuva
Naviyango
Vitongo
Viwa Id.
Ndelandamanu
Waindrathia
Waindrathia
Vunivaivai
Vunivaivai
Nalotawa
Nalotawa
Nakorotumbu
Nambamba
Nakelo
Viria
Vuna
Vitongo
Vitongo
Mbau
Naitasiri
Rara
Rara
Nakelo
Nakelo
_______________________________________ J
ORIGIN PLACES WITH SINGLE TRIBE
In the following pages are listed the yavutu withonly a single yavusa each. The two tribes claimingorigin places in the kingdom of Tonga are not includedhere since they are already covered in the section on
"Tribes from Polynesia." The arrangement is alpha-betically by yavusa. Some yavusa are scattered throughseveral villages, as, for example, yavusa Louvatu whichhas its yavutu at archaeological site 19 in the Singatoka
Valley.29All thirteen provinces contain single yavusa derived
from a single yavutu. There is a considerable variationin the number per province, but this is in part a functionof the size of the province. In descending order the num-
ber per province are as follows; those living in two pro-
vinces are counted twice: Ra 89, Tholo East 59, Taile-vu 57, Naitasiri 39, Rewa 25, Tholo North 23, Nandi 22,Nandronga 18, Namosi 10, Mba 9, Tholo West 6, Lau-toka 3, Serua 1.
'9Gifford, 1951_, p. 250.
352
Navolau
Ndravo
Ndravo
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Vitongo
Nalotawa
Nalotawa
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Lautoka
Mba
Mba
Mba
Mba
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Lautoka
Lautoka
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tailevu
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WllH SINGLE YAVUSA
Yavusa Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Ekumbu ....
Kelia .
Ketenavuni-valu .......
Koro .
Koronggele
Korosovau-levu .......
Laitoa.
Langi.
Leikoro . . . ..
Leinatambua..
Levukaitai ...
Levukana ....
Leweiesinga.
Leweinavi-vasa .......
Leweinggere.
Leweinuku ...
Leweisavu ...
Leweivuthini .
Ekumbu
Kelia Nasei
Wavu
Korovou
Koronggele
Korosovau-levu
Laitoa
Langi
Navuniyasi Naloto Dist.Nandronga Prov.
Naivua
Levukaitai
Veimbalambala
Esinga
Verata toVeimbalambala
Nalele, Malo-malo Dist.,Nandronga Prov.
Naweitha
Nggere
Nuku, Nasama
Savu, Nalele
Valivali
NasingatokaDistNandronga Prov.
Malomalo Dist.Nandronga Prov.
Lawai, Nokonoko Nakorowaru,Dist., Nandronga Nasingatoka,Prov. Nandronga Pro
Prov.
Vunayasi
Volivoli
Naluwai
Navisamba-samba
Nakoromboya
Nakoromboya
Narambulu
Nakorovatu
Nariri
Naivutu
Nararavou
Mburelevu
Mbalevuto
Tonge
Nandrungu
Yaloku
Tumavia
Tumbalevu
Sanasana
Nalele
Naindiri
Navisamba-sambaMalomalo
Nalele
Navisamba-samba
Malomalo
Momi
Nalele
Nandi
Nasingatoka
Rara
Malomalo
Nggaliyalatina
Tavua
Tavua
Waima
Nailuva
Tokaimalo
Nailuva
Nalamba
Naloto
Naloto
Naloto
Nalotawa
Nakelo
Namara
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Momi
Malomalo
353
Nandi
Nandronga
Naitasiri
Nandronga
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Mba
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village jPresent Village District Province
Loma.
Loma.
Lomaiua ...
Lomolilevu ...
Louvatu....
Waimothi
Loma
Lomaivuna
Vungala
Lomolomo(site 19)
near Lawai,Nokonoko Dist.Nandronga Prov.
Nakorosule
Navatukia
Waikalou
Motonoko, Viria ViriaDist., NaitasiriProv.
Nandrauniivi
Nakambuta
Nangonenitholo
Soloira
Soloira
Viria
Raviravi
Nokonoko
Nasama
Nakoroyandro,near Nandrou- Thuvumai
(the same) YanduaVoua
Nasinu, RewaProv., toMbengga Id 30to VunavutuKoroniviatai
Malake....
Mali ....
Maraki . . . . .
MataikaraMatailombau .
Mantanikoro-vatu .......
Matanimbulu .
Malake
Mali
MarakiMataikaraMatailombau
Ndrevekai
Vunimbulu
Malake Id.
Matailombau
Viria, NaitasiriProv.
Nambuke
Naseyani
NaselaiNawairukuMatailombau
Kalambu
Oveya
Rakiraki
Tavua
NukuLawakiMatailombau
Naitasiri
Mbau
Matanivanua .
Mataniwai ....
Mataravua ...
Matarua .....
Mataso.....
Mati .......
Maumi ....
Waikete
Mataniwai
Mataravua
Matarua
Mataso
Mati
Maumilevu
Mataso Dist.
near Raralevu, Maumi Id.Namata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Waikete
Ndelaitonga
Nawairuku
Navitilevu
Nakorovou
Vunindumba
Maumi
Nakelo
Matailombau
Lawaki
Nambamba
Mataso
Matailombau
Ndravo
Mavua ......
Mawa.
Mbatimbuku-tua ....
Mbau .....
Mavua
Mawa
Mbatimbukutua
Mbau
Tumbeirata
Nambalambala
Namelimeli
NdrekeniwaionTholata R.
30lnformation obtained by Gifford from Ratu Joni, Mbuli of Nasingatoka District.
354
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Naitasiri
Ra
Nandronga
Nasingatoka
Thuvu
ThuvuTuva
Nasingatoka
Nandronga
Nandronga
NandrongaNandronga
Nandronga
Ra
Tholo North
TailevuRaTholo East
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Tailevu
Mavua
Nalamba
Veivatuloa
Nayavu
Tholo West
Ra
Namosi
Tailevu
GIFFORD: TRMBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District j Province
Mbaulevui-rara.
Mbelanga ....
Mbiavala ....
Mbila.
Mbua .
Mbukuya
Mbukuya ..
Mburekalou...
Mburekonotho.
Mbaulevu
Mbelanga
Tumulevu
Mbila
Mbua
Mbukuya
Navulala
Naletha
Mburekonotho
Mburemathi . . Mburemathi
Mbureningan-dro .
Mburenitu
Mburenitu ...
Mburenivalu .
Mburenivalu .
Mbureniwau
Mburerua ....
Mburetu . . .
Nakoro
Wainalumu
Onila
Nandoi
Nandoi
Mbureniwau
Mburerua
Mburetu
Tovutovu
Nandelei
NakambutaSingatoka R.
Mbila, nearTavua Village
Teindamu
Verata
Notho
Namatanivesiat Kuku
Natholawe, Na-loto, NasautokaDist., TholoEast Prov.
(the same)
Naselai
Namosi Prov.
Namosi Prov.
Vutia, TholoEast Prov.
Mburetu
Somosomo
Tavuya
Ngusuinalangato Rama to Lo-kia, Rewa Proa.
Naiteni
Nakuru toNdrekena
Ngusuinalanga
Naitasiri toMburembasan-ga, Rewa Prov.
Tavua
Korovou
Vatutavui
Vitawa
Mbukuya
Teindamu
Molituva
Navaka
Nakuriwai
Matanimoli
Naloto
Naitasiri
Tavua
Nokonoko
Tavua
Tavua
Tavua
Raviravi
Mangondro
Vitongo
Nausori
Notho
Notho
Notho
Nawautoka
Mburenitu Nasautoka
Naselai
Kasavu
Naevuevu
Nambotini
Levuka
Nandoi
Narothivo
Ndrekena
Vunuku
Waisalulu
Motonoko
Mburetu
Nambitu
Nuku
Naitasiri
Thuvu
Komave
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Vutia
Viria
Mburetu
Tokatoka
355
Naitasiri
Tholo North
Nandronga
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Ra
Tholo West
Lautoka
Tailevu
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Nandronga
Tholo East
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Rewa
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tailevu
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa f Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Mburevuli ...
Molimekete ...
Naikawanga...
Nailangolamba.
Nailenga ..
Naimalavau...
Naimbili...
Naingani.
Naiova ......
Mburevuli
Molimekete
Naikawanga Verata toNaikawanga
Kuku
Nailenga
Naimalavau
Naimbili
Naloto
Naiova
Nailenga
Waimaro,Namalata Dist.Tailevu Prov.
Naloto, Verata Naingani Id.Dist.
Nasau "Dist."Tholo NorthProv.
Nairai ....
Nairara .....
Naisongombuli
Naisongovasa
Nairai
Nairara
Naisongombuli
Naisongoma-taka
Nasau "Dist."Tholo NorthProv.
Mburembasanga
Nasukamai
Vunindumba
Namuaimanda
Nukulau
Nandrau
Matailombau
Navolau
Nandrau
Mburembasanga Mburemba-sanga
Tholo North
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo North
Rewa
Naitavuni ....
Naivirivosa...
Naitavuni
Naivirivosa Nawanggambena,Viria Dist.,Naitasiri Prov.
Naseuvou
Ndelalasakau
Vuthi
Naivisere
Naiwau . . ..
Nakaindrau ...
Nakakasara..
Nakarukuruku .
Nakase.
Naivisere Naitasiri
Vanuandina
Nambilia
Nakakasara near WaivouVillage, Mbur-embasangaDist., RewaProv.
Nakarukuruku
Nakase
Navuso
Vanuandina
Nasalia
Lutu
Vanualevu
Navutu
Sowa
Naitasiri
Tokatoka
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Tokatoka
Navuakethe
Mbureivanua
Manu
Waikalou
Nailenga
Soloira
Namara
Nausori
Nausori
Nausori
Nailenga
Nakelo
Namata
Verata
Nailuva
Nakalawatha
Nanduru
Molituva
Vunimono
Nailenga
Naimalavau
Raralevu
Vitilevu,Naingani Id.
Nailuva
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Ra
Nawaindina
Nawaindina
Tokatoka
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tailevu
Naitasiri
RaI
356
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Nakasenga ...
Nakasimai
Nakasenga
Nakasimal
Nayaulevu
Lamba
Mbureloa
Tokaimalo
Nakuailava
Nakuailava
Ra
Ra
Ra
Nakatumbai-walu ....... Nambiyau Nawanggambena Navuakethe
Nakelo....
Nakoroingeti.
Nakoromatua.
Nakorondu-andua ......
Nakoronggele
Nakorosango..
Nakorotambu.
Nakorovia ...
Nakorovou ...
Nakorowaiwai .
Nakorowangga.
Nakuailava
Nakumbuti ...
Nakurukuru
Nakurukuru-vakatini .....
Nakelo Nakelo Dist.
Nanduruloulou
Nauluvatu
Muana
Ndausinga
Naraviravi
Nakorosule
Nakoroingeti
Nakoromatua
W aimaro
Nakoroira
Nakorosango
Nakorotambu
Nakorovia
Nakelinggere
Nakorowaiwai
Nakorowangga
Nakualiava NakuailavaDist.
Vatukaloko
Nakurukuru
Nakurukuru-vakatini
Tomuna, Vatu-kumbu
Lau
Nananu
WaituruturuNakorovouVeindavutu
Nambau
Sowa
Mataiwailevu
Korovou
Waimbasanga
Matawailevu
Wainiyavu
Nairukuruku
Tai
Mbalekinanga
Nandrauniivi
Naluwau
Nasauvere
Na,vuakethe
Nakelo
Nakelo
Nakualiava
Tokaimalo
Nangonenitholo
Nambamba
Tavua
MatasoMatasoMataso
Mataso
Mbureivanua
Lawaki
Lawaki
Noimalo
Noimalo
Veinungga
Matailombau
Nakuailava
Nakuailava
Raviravi
Rara
Noimalo
Nalethava....
Naleya .....
Korovou
Naraiyawa
Ndraumbuta
Nasava
Matawailevu
357
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tailevu
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo North
RaRaRa
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Tholo East
Namosi
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Ra
Naitasiri
Tholo East
Nalethava
Naleya
Naitasiri Naisombu-sombuMburelevu
Noimalo
Noimalo
Tokatoka
Noimalo
Noimalo
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Naliwa .
Naliwani .
Nalotawa.
Nalovia.
Namataku ..
Namatangai.
Namathuku .
Nambai.
Nambama ....
Nambavatu ...
Nambena ....
Nambili ...
Namboro
Namhotini ....
Nambou ..
Namboutini .
Nambukani
Nambukelevu.
Nambukem-buke32.
Naliwa
Naliwani
Nalotawa
Nalovia
Namataku Namataku
Namatangai
Namathuku
Naivikoli
Narrbama
Nambavatu
Nambena
Louvatu31
Namboro
Nambotini
Lasakau
Nawamangi
foot of the Kau-vandra Range
Vunikoka
Nambukani
Nambukelevu
Nambukembuke Wailase CreekTholo East
Ngusunikalou
Nakavu
Naililili
Vuisinga
Mburelevu
Navuniyaumumu
Sanasana
Ndelaitonga
Nasauthoke
Nausori
Tawaleka
Raranivuli
Tongovere
Naila
Vunindawa
Nanggeleng-ganogga
Namoto
Vatukarasa
Sawanikula
Lawaki
Mataiwailevu
Lasakau (Mbau)
Lamba
Visama
Lutu
Veivatuloa
Lombau
Nakavu
Namosi
Navunimbau
Namuamua
Laselase
Navunikambi
Saliandrau
Nasingatoka
Waima
Nalamba
Tokaimalo
Malomalo
Matailombau
Namataku
Namataku
Namataku
Nakuailava
Raviravi
Ndravo
Soloira
Mbureivanua
Nasautoka
Thonua
Muaira
Lawaki
Lawaki
Mbau
Nakuailava
Nakelo
Muaira
Veivatuloa
Veivatuloa
Veivatuloa
Namosi
Namosi
Wainikoroiluva
Wainikoroiluva
Wainikoro3luva
Wainikoroiluva
Namosi
31Name of yavutu and its location obtained by Gifford from infor-mant at Vatukarasa.
32For the detailed record of the Native Lands Commission, see
Capell and Lester, pp. 330 ff.
358
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Nandrong
Tholo East
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo East
Tholo We st
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Ra
Tailevu
Tholo East
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
I
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Nambulembu-lewa ....
Nambuli .
Nanbulembulewa Nggoma Id.or Nggoma Id.
Nambuli Viria, Naita-siri Prov.
Navunisotho
Nambukavesi
Tumbanasavu
to Ndawasamu
Nambuli
Nambumbutho
Namoto ..... Namoto
Namotutu
Nandakuni
Namotutu ....
Nandakuni ...
Nandanuya
Nandarava- Nandarava-kawalu...... . kawalu
Nandaro .....
Nandenaivalu. .
Nanderei-valu .......
Nandokana ...
Nandoloi ....
Nambumbutho
Namoto, Na-
sautoka Dist.,Tholo EastProv.
Rakiraki, Ra
Nandakuni,Nawaindina
Nandanuya
Nasirotu
Waitha
Nandarava-kawalu
Ndelaiwini
Nandenaivalu
Nanderei-valu
Nakautonga
Nandoloi
Lawaki Dist., Wailotua,
Nairukuruku
Nanggelewai
Rewasau
Laselevu
Nasiriti
Nukulau
Namoto
Navuavua
Narewa
Ndevoira
Matailombau
Nambumbutho
Nambumbutho
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Nasautoka
Rakiraki
Raviravi
Nawaindina
Naluwai Rara
Nasirotu Nawaindina
Navurevure Nawaindina
Vunindawa Soloira
Naivuthini Nandarava-kawalu
Naitauvoli Nandarava-kawalu
Vunindumba Nandarava-kawalu
Namara Lawaki
Navitilevu Nambamba
Matathauthau Namalata'DRa Wailevu Dist.,
Tailevu Prov.
Natumulomulo Sawakasato Ndraundra-una
Narambulu
NandakuniWaikalou
Sawakas a
Tavua
NawaindinaSoloira
Tholo East
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tholo North
Naitasiri
Tholo East
359
Navunisotho
Nggilai
Waivaka
Nggoma
Ndriti
Nambuli
Nambumbutho
Veivatuloa
Veivatuloa
Namosi
Ndawasamu
Ndawasamu
Ndreketi
Namosi
Namosi
Namosi
Tailevu
Tailevu
Rewa
I
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Nandomia.. . I. Nandomia Nambitu Tokatoka Tailevu
Nandrakuma ...
Nandua .....
Nanduandua . ..
Nanduku ...
Nangilongilo . ..
Nangole ...
Nanggalitala ...
Nangganikai
Nanggau ......
Nanggelamba...
Nanggelen -
damu ........
Nanggelevu ....
Nanggeningani-vatu ...
Nanuku ...
Naothondongo . .
Narai..
Narairaiwanga.
Narothake.
Nasalia .....
Nasausauwai ...
Nasautambu
Nasekaseka...
Naseuvou .
Nasilima.
Nandrakuma
Nanduambasanga
Nand1Vandua
Nanduku
Nangilongilo
Nangole
Moseni
Nangganikai
Mburekonanggau
near Namoka
Navitilevu,Ra Prov.
Tamunggali
Mbole, Ndela-
vatulevu;Vatuvale
Tamanivuaka,Tova
mouth of Nang-galitala Creek
Nanggelamba
I Nanggelendamu
Nandelei
Nakoromboya
Vita
Naimbita
Nakaile
Nasinu
Wainitambua
Nakorovatu
Navithila
Tore
Navutu
Motainotho
Namoto
Nambukandra
Navutoka
LauNanggelevu
Navono
Nanuku
Naothondongo
Narai
Rarawangga
Narothake
Namuakivei
Nasausauwai
Nakuruwale
Nasekaseka
Naseuvou
Nasilima
Nayaulevu
Nandakuni
Vutia, TholoEast Prov.
Vaturu
Verata,Tailevu Prov.
Nataveyaitholo
Naseuvou,Tokatoka Dist.
Naitasiri toMburembasan-ga, Rewa Prov.
Muanaira
Nawanggarua
Yavuni
Narothake Narothake
Laselevu
Nambuyalevu
Rewasau
Verevere
Naseuvou
Naivotho
Nambitu
Naivuthini
Naitauvoli
Tavua
Tavua
Nailanga
Nailenga
Tokatoka
Ndawasamu
Nailenga
Waima
Naitasiri
Rukuruku
Navuakethe
Mburetu
Nasautoka
Kavula
Kavula
Nambamba
Tokaimalo
Nawaindina
Vutia
Nailanga
Vaturu
Notho
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Nakorotumbu
Tokatoka
Mbureiwai
Tokatoka
Nandaravakawalu
Nandaravakawalu
Tholo North
Tholo North
Mba
Tholo East
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo. East
Naitasiri
Nandi
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Naitasiri
Rewa
Mba
Nandi
Rewa
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Tailevu
Ra
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
360
I 114 L LI C;LLA%AC;L.L C& V G6&LG6 VW GI, -L LL L LA%,F.L%.f Ljc&tL,.6.I
*.*
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa ( Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Nasilimai ....
Nasingaimata .
Nasolo ......
Nasomosomo
Nasonggo...
Natakala.
Natambuivalu.
Natauya ...
Nataveya
Nataveya ..
Naterumai ...
Nathanggaru .
Nathanggaru .
Nathavondo ...
Nathemba ....
Nathokawa ...
Nathokoni ....
Natholo .....
Natholo .....
Nathombua ...
Nathovu .....
Nathovu . . . . .
Natiliva .....
Koronimbeka
Nasingaimata
Nasolo Nasolo
Nasomosomo
Nasonggo
Natakala
Natambuivalu
Natauya
Nataveya
Natongandravu
Naterumai
Vuya
Nathanggaru
Nathavondo
Nathemba
Matawalu
Nathokoni
Nggelekuku
Vaikitu
Nathombua
Koroinathovu
Nathovu
Navutulevu
Nasonggo
near Savu Vil-lage, VungaleiDist., TailevuProv.
Nandioka
Maraki, Nase -
lai, NukuDist.
Nanggarani
Nathova Id. Nathanggaru
Singatoka R. Tumakeli
Mburembasanga
Waimaro, Nama-lata Dist., Nanggelen-Tailevu Prov. dretaki
Rakiraki, Ra
Namara
Korovou
Nailanga
Nanduruloulou
Ndraunaleka
Ndausinga
Nasonggo
Verata
Waisa
Navunindakua
Nanukuloa
Nataveya
Nataveya
Lawaki
Lawaki
Nailanga
Nawaindina
Nakuailava
Nakuailava
Nambumbutho
Nausori
Waima
Waima
Saivou
Viria
Nuku
Nanggarani Notho
Navutu Navuakethe
Moala Sikituru
Vanuakula Navuakethe
Nasonggo Nambumbutho
Nakorovatu Rara
Nanduri Nokonoko
Lawai Nokonoko
Yavulo Nokonoko
Mburembasanga Mburembasanga
Mbuka Naroko
Vatukatheva- Narokotheva
Namata
Raralevu
Naimasimasi
Nawairuku
Navutulevu
Namata
Namata
Vungalei
Lawaki
Rakiraki
Ra
Ra
Mba
Naitasiri
Ra
Ra
Tholo North
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Rewa
Naitasiri
Nandi
Naitasiri
Tholo North
Naitasiri
Nandronga
Nandronga
Nandronga
Rewa
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Ra
Ra
361
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa
Naturuturuku-la .........
Natutale ....
Naulana .
Navatu .
Navatu .
Navatulevu..
Navatulevu ...
Navatusila ...
Navatuvoka.
Navasia .
Navautamba .
Navauvau ..
Navesi .....
Naviritu ....
Navisama ....
Navitilevu....
Navitilevu....
Navokai .....
Yavutu Location Old Village j Present Village j District Province
Naturuturu- Nanggali, Viria Vuthi Tokatoka Tailevukula
Tiliva
Naulana
Navalelawa(site 17)Navatu (site 17)
Nandi
Dist., NaitasiriProv.
near MoalaVillage
Raviravi Dist.
Nandi, Mbua,Vanualevu Id.
Nase
Navatusila
Navatuvoka
Natuvu
Navautamba
Navauvau
Navesi
Naviritu
Tarisi
Navitilevu
Nambaikau
Nanggavoka
Vitongo
Moala
Navuniivi
Naivuvuni
Nasau, mouthof Nandi R.
Navatulevu
Nambaikau
Tonga Id.,Rewa Prov.
Sikituru
Navitilevu
Raviravi
Namuamua Mbureiwai
Nandongoloa Mbureiwai
Narewa Nandi
Nakavu Nandi
Nanganga Vunda
Naivuthini Nandarava-kawalu
Nuku Nandarava-kawalu
Naitauvoli Nandarava-kawalu
Numbutautau Nandrau
Nambalambala Tokaimalo
Navuniivi Navitilevu
Nakorowaiwai Mbureivanua
Korovou Tavua
Ndraunaleka Nakuailava
Ndausinga Nakuailava
Wairuarua Nangonenitholo
Narara Naroko
Naitauvoli Nandarava-kawalu
Saumakia Nandarava-kawalu
Waikalou Nandarava-kawalu
Lau Nambamba
Navuniivi Navitilevu
Navuniyaro Lutu
Wainawangga Nawaindina
Vunisei Tonga
Nandi'
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Nandi
Nandi
Lautoka
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo North
Ra
Ra
Ra
Tholo North
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Naitasiri
RewaI
362
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District j Province
Navolau .
Navovula ....
Nanggumu
Nandungutha Nanggarawai, Naseuvou,Namosi Prov. Soloira
Navuakethe ...
Navuanisang-giwa ....
Navuavua ....
Navundrau ...
Navungayango .
Navunindrala. .
Navuniseya .
Navunitivi.
Navuniuto ....
Navusaka ....
Navutosara ...
Navuthu .....
Navuta ..
Navutu ...
Nawaindina...
Nawainovo
Nawakura ....
Navuakethe
Nalesia
Navuavua
Navundrau
Navungayango
Navunindrala
Navuniseya
Navunitivi
Navuniuto
Navusaka
Rakiraki, Ra
Muaira
Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.
Navutosara
Nakorovatu
Talandrau
Navutu
Nawaindina
Ndelainovo
Nawakura
Verata toNdelainovo
near Raralevu, SawandralaNamata Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Navutu
Lamba
Navuavua
Namuaimanda
Mau-u
Nauluvatu
Ndelakando
Nataleira
Silana
Lutu
Nambulini
Vanuakula
Nauria
Nasonggo
Waimbalavu
Nandrau
Nambuyalevu
Nambuwangga
Nggalinasavu
Veindavutu
Nambau
Korondalawe
Matameivere
Maumi
Navuakethe Naitasiri
Nakuailava
Rakiraki
Naroko
Veivatuloa
Nawaindina
Ndawasamu
Ndawasamu
Ndawasamu
Muaira
Nailenga
Nandrau
Nandrau
Nambumbutho
Nangonenitholo
Nandrau
Nandrau
Nandrau
Nandrau
Mataso
Mataso
Nakuailava
Namara
Ndravo
Nawandamu . .
Nawangga ....
Nawanggai-vende ......
Nawandamu Nandioka
(the same)
Nawangga
Nawanggai-vende
Navunindakua
Waisa
Nausori
Nandakuni Nawaindina Naitasiri
363
Navolau
Vunisinu
Navolau
Ndreketi
Ra
Rewa
Ra
Ra
Ra
Namosi
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo East
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Ra
Ra
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Waima
Waima
Nalawa
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa [ Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Nawanggesara. Rokoroko WaithombaDist., Nandron-ga Prov.
Nawarai.
Nawayanga ...
Nayavumata
Niwau ......
Noi Koro ....
Noi Korolevu. .
Noimalo .....
Noi Marou . . .
Noi Mboro . . .
Noi Natualeka .
Noi Takuthi
Noi Vatuma
Noi Yaro ....
Nokonoko ....
Notho.
Nuku .
Nukunitambua .
Numbu ....
Numbu .
Numbutolu ...
Ndakuinamba-ramai ......
Nawarai
Nangandi
Nawaua
Niwau
Noikoro
Korolevuiwai
Noimalo
Marou
Ndranikamba
Natualeka
Navulai
Nggelelevu
Yaro
Nandiritale
Notho
Nuku, Naselai
Nasaunokonoko
Namoriti
Navosa
Noimalo
Nasesevia
Navo
Verata,Tailevu Prov.Naselai,Nuku Dist.
Nanggarawai,Namosi Prov.
near NandrauVillage, Nan-drau Dist.,Tholo NorthProv.33
Vuisinga
Navitilevu
Nathokaika
Ndelaiyandua
Korolevu
Vunatoto
Ndeumba, SeruaNaitata
Narokoroko-yawa
Nasauvakarua
Mbatiri
Vunamoli
Vunamoli
Navo Vunayasi
Nawanggan-damu
Vatutu
Vunayasi
Namata
Mburekonotho Nambundrau
Natongandravu
Totonakavu,Koromuri-muri, Lokia,Rewa Prov.
Numbutolu
Ndakuinamba-ramai
Lomanikoro
Nggalinasavu
Nangatangata
Koro
Waikumbu-kumbu
Vatuthere
Yavulo
Nandakuni
Nandakuni
Waima
Nambamba
Naitasiri
Mbureiwai
Noikoro
Noikoro
Serua
Noimalo
Noimalo
Malomalo
Rukuruku
Rukuruku
Nandi
Rukuruku
Rukuruku
Nandi
Namata
Notho
Nuku
Rewa
Savatu
Savatu
Savatu
Savatu
Savatu
Nasingatoka
Nawaindina
Nawaindina
33See sites 6, 9.
364
Nawanggan -damu
Rukuruku Nandi
Tholo East
Ra
Naitasiri
Ra
Tholo West
Tholo West
Serua
Tholo East
Tholo East
Nandronga
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Tailevu
Rewa
Tailevu
Rewa
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Nandronga
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Ndakunda ....
Ndakunimbure.
Ndanundanu. . .
Ndanuwa.
Ndaviko.. .
Ndakunda
Ndelaimbukelevu
Waivou
Ndanuwa
Ndaviko
Sawakasa,Tailevu Prov.
Nayavu,Tailevu Prov.
Namata,Tailevu Prov.,to Vunisoni
(the same)
Lutu, TholoEast Prov. toNaitasiri
Lau
Waivaka
Nambundrau
Waivou
Nambulini
Nar.ggarani
Nambamba Ra
Namosi
Notho
Mburembasanga
Nailenga
Notho
Ndavutukia . . .
Ndawasamu ...
Ndelai ......
Ndewala.. .
Ndingilo .....
Ndonumaim-
bulu ..
Ndrano......
Ndranu .....
Ndravuni ....
Ndrekeniwai..
Ndreketi.....
Ndrukuya ....
Nggalimbure..
&gangga ....
Ndavutukia Koroinasau
Ndawasamu Tholo East
Ndelai Wainimbuka R.
Ndewala
Ndingilo
Ndonumaim-bulu
Ndrano
Ndranu
Ndravuni
Ndrekeniwai
Ndreketi
Ndrukuya
Yasa
Nggangga
Verata
Thambe
Saru
Tonuve
Volinangerua
Votua
Tangangge
Namanda
Nakorovatu
Ndawasamu Ndriti
Ndelakando
Mokani
Nataveyaira
Waituruturu
Nakorovou
Vunayasi
Naloto
Rokovuaka
Wainiyavu
Mbureloa
Visama
Nakorosule
Waimbalavu
Navuniyasi
Numbukaluka
Naloto
Namuriwai
Koroinasau
Koroinasau
Mbemana
Mbemana
Korolevuiwai
Korolevuiwai
Korolevuiwai
Waima
Ndawasamu
Ndawasamu
Ndravo
Viria
Mataso
Mataso
Nandi
Nambamba
Veinungga
Nakuailava
Nakelo
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Matailombau
Nawaindina
Verata
Navitilevu
365
Namosi
Rewa
Rewa
Tholo East
Rewa
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo West
Tholo East
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Naitasiri
Ra
Ra
Nandi
Ra
Namosi
Ra
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Ra
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa [ Yavutu j Location j Old Village Present Village District Province
Nggilanggila
Ovalau ....
Rara . . .
Rara ......
Rewaisavu .. . .
Rokisi .
Rukuruku .....
Nggilanggila Ravirai
Ovalau
Namaranivuka- Nalotovuka
Mbalauma
Navotua
Nambothiwa
Rukuruku Navuak
Rukuruku .... Vunamoli
vi Dist.
Uluitinairai-langi
(the same)
6ethe Navesi toDist., Naitasiri TaunaimbosaProv.
Vunamoli, Ruku-ruku Dist.
Vunitongoloa
Nanggali
Vanuakula
Naveithovatu
Vuisinga
Matainananu
Nambothiwa
Longani
Uto
Sala .......
Salandina ...
Salandina ..
Sanasana .....
Sanggele ...
Sangunu ....
Sarava....
Saumata..
Sauturanga....
Sauvana .
Savu ........
Savula .
Sawatini...
Senimbua .
Sese .....
Sese .......
Makondranga
Nandia
Salandina
Sanasana
Sanggele
Sangunu
Nanggonggosa
Saumata
Nakoronimbeka
Vusama
Savu
Savula
Sawatini
Ne
Sese
Yavulevu
Siko ........ Navunindakua
Sambeto Dist.,Nandi Prov.
Navunindakua,Waima Dist.,Tholo East Prov.
Nausori
Nakorowaiwai
Nanggeleng-gangga
Wainilotulevu
Vakambuli
Nailanga
Yavuni
Nausori
Namulomulo
Namara
Moala
Nambalesere
Nasavu
Nananu
Nawaka
Naluwai
Nawamangi-mangi
Vunindumba
Nairukuruku
Nakorovatu
Navunindakua
Nalawa
Mbureivanua
Mbureivanua
Veinungga
Vitongo
Nailanga
Vaturu
Nawaka
Nawaka
Lawaki
Sikituru
Nailuva
Rara
Namena
Nawaka
Rara
Naroko
Matailombau
Matailombau
Waima
Waima
366
Raviravi
Viria
Nawaindina
Naloto
Waima
Mbureiwai
Mburetu
Namata
Rukuruku
Ra
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Tholo East
Ra
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Ra
Ra
Ra
Namosi
Lautoka
Mba
Nandi
Nandi
Nandi
Ra
Nandi
Ra
Naitasiri
Tailevu
Nandi
Naitasiri
Ra
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu j Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Sila .....
Solia .......
Soloira.
Suva ...
Tai ........
Takalaikiuva .
Tambaivuna-nggumu .....
Tambanivono..
Tambanivono..
Tambariki....
Tathi .....
Tathini ...
Tavarua .
Thakova .. . . .
Thalia ......
Thawanisa....
Tiolaulau ....
Tokineke.....
Tonga.......
Tongavere.. ..
Nanggaya
Vuna
Soloira Nandakuni
Raravatu
(the same)
Soloira
Suva
Tai
Namuaniwangga
Tambaivuna-nggumu
Tambanivono,Nanduri
Lambasa
Tambariki
Tathi
Navo
Nambitu
Thakova
Thalia
Navinoji
Nokonoko Dist.,Nandronga Prov.
Nailenga Mburekonotho
Rakiraki, Ra
Naitasiri Nathuru
Nayavuya
Tokineke
Tonga
Tongavere Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.
Nakavu
Sawani
Nandakuni
Numbukaluka
Natondre
Waikalou
Navatukia
Namuamua
Ndelaitonga
Mbalekinanga
Kiuvaira
Nasuvere
Korovou
Nalele
Naindiri
Natalethake
Nasonggo
Tathi
Sanasana
Rararua
Tore
Naila
Navutulevu
Nathuru
Lewa
Nangatangata
Koro
Nailanga
Namara
Nawamangi-mangi
Numbumakita
Nandi
Vuna
Nawaindina
Nawaindina
Nawaindina
Soloira
Soloira
Mbureiwai
Matailombau
Mbureivanua
Mba
Noimalo
Noimalo
Malomalo
Malomalo
Mbulu
Veinungga
Notho
Malomalo
Rukuruku
Rukuruku
Ndravo
Rakiraki
Notho
Savatu
Savatu
Savatu
Nailanga
Nalamba
Naroko
Nandrau
367
Nandi
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo East
Ra
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Nandronga
Nandronga
Mba
Namosi
Rewa
Nandronga
Nandi
Nandi
Tailevu
Ra
Rewa
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Mba
Ra
Ra
Tholo North
a
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa I Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Tongovereiwai .
Toranasau ....
Tumavia .....
Vakali.
Valelawa .....
Matanasau
Viti
Tumavia
Mbau
Valelawa
Mbau Id.
Ndreketi Dist.,Rewa Prov.
Narukua, Kam-ba, Mbau Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
(the same)
Muailau, Rewa
Valuvuka ....
Vanuakula ....
Vanuatha ....
Vanuavatu ....
Vatu......
Vaturoko .
Vora .......
Vuanindilo ....
Valuvuka
Vanuakula
Vanuatha
Vanuavatu
Vatu
Vaturoko
Vora
Rukuniwalai
Vutia, TholoEast Prov.
Tandrawai
Naitasiri toMburemba-sanga,Rewa Prov.
Vungalei Dist.,Tailevu Prov.
Nasonggo
Vanuakula
Matainasau
Nasingatoka
Nasavu
Matawailevu
Muanaithake
Korondalawe
Nandali
Vulangi .....
Vunimbua ....
Vuninggele ....
Vuniniumata-rua .........
Vunivatu ....
Vusarotora ...
Vusovuso.
Vuto ........
Wai .....
Wai ........
Vulangi
Koroimbithi
Vuninggele
Vuniniumata-rua
Vunivatu
Ndelakurukuru
Vusovuso
Vuto
Naveinggali
Wai
Sakasa
Nasilai
Thalia, Naita-siri Prov.
Naitasiri
Nasau "Dist.,"Tholo NorthProv.
Nakuriwai
Nasilai
Savatha
Vuisinga
Nakuriwai
Nanggarani Nanggarani
Nandaro
Navunindakua Navunindakua
(the same) Navuniyasi
Navuniyasi
Navunindakua
Mburenithangi Wailevu
Rokovuaka
Vanuakula
Rewa
Tonga
Waima
Notho
Notho
Vungalei
Waima
Waima
Matailombau
Matailombau
Nailenga
Nambamba
Nandrau
Wailanda Raranivull Nakuallava.Ra
368
Namara
Nakini
Tumavia
Vakali
Vandrai
Levuka
Lawaki
Naitasiri
Nakelo
Nakelo
Nakelo
Rewa
Ra
Naitasiii
Tailevu
Tailevu
Tailevu
Rewa
Veinungga
Tavua
Muaira
Namosi
Rara
Nalawa
Vutia
Nakuailava
Nausori
Namosi
Tholo North
Tholo East
Namosi
Naitasiri
Ra
Rewa
Ra
Tailevu
Rewa
Rewa
Tholo East
Rewa
Rewa
Tailevu
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Tholo East
Ra
Tholo North
Rvaranivuli Nakuailava RaWailanda
GIFFORD: TRIBES OF VITI LEVU
YAVUTU WITH SINGLE YAVUSA (cont.)
Yavusa Yavutu Location Old Village Present Village District Province
Wailevu .....
Wailumu ....
Waimaro ....
Wainungga ...
Wakalou .. . .
Wakaniu .....
Wambu .. . .
Wathakena ...
Weni .......
Yakuilau.
Wailevu
Nalase
Waimaro
Raviravi Dist.
Mburembasan- Wailumuga, Rewa Prov.
Nandanuya
(the same)
Wainungga
Nandandara
Nakalawatha
Wambu
Muana, Navuloa
Wathakena
Nenesa
Yakuilau Nasau, mouthof Nandi R.
Ndraunaleka
Vatusekiyasawa
Vunitongoloa
Nawaisomo
Talu
Nakorosule
Waimbalavu
Naluwai
Nambaitavo
Nambulini
Nandrauniivi
Mburetu
Tukuraki
Nalotawa
Nambangga
Naraviravi
Tavua
Nayavuira
Narewa
Nakuailava
Raviravi
Raviravi
Nangonenitholo
Ndreketi
Nangonenitholo
Nangonenitholo
Rara
Nambaitavo
Nailenga
Raviravi
Mburetu
Nalotawa
Nalotawa
Nailuva
Tokaimalo
Tokaimalo
Navitilevu
Nandi
Yalatina .....
Yatusawa ...
Yaumali .....
Yavusamba-lavu ....
Yavusavasu ...
Yalatina Navala
Thuvu
Mbatimaoli
Tonge
Nakomboya
Uthunivanua
Naivuruvuru
Vatutu
Nanduivosavosa Verata
Yaumali
Wavuwau
Yavusavasu Nasaunokonoko, Totonakavu,Namosi Prov. Koromurimuri,
Lokia, RewaProv.
Vita (Votua)
Lomanikoro
Nggaliyalatina
Nggaliyalatina
Nggaliyalatina
Nggaliyalatina
Nggaliyalatina
Verata
Verata
Nawaka
Nailanga
Rewa
369
Ra
Ra
Ra
Tholo East
Rewa
Tholo East
Tholo E±st
Naitasiri
Naitasiri
Tholo East
Ra
Tailevu
Mba
Mba
Ra
Ra
Ra
Ra
Nandi
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tholo North
Tailevu
Tailevu
Nandi
Mba
Rewa
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
SOURCES OF TRIBAL NAMES
Examination of the list of yavusa reveals two sourcesof tribal names, (1) the yavutu name, of which there are250, and (2) the name of the old village or first settle-ment, of which there are 58. Apparently the name ofthe yavusa ancestor (vu) is not used as the name of theyavusa, even when his name is known. However, only astudy of the original records will settle this point. Thefew names of yavusa ancestors given by Capell andLester34 indicate that these were not used for the yavu-sa. The yavusa Nambukembuke, whose ancestor Vere-drau came from the Kauvandra Mountains and settledat Nambukembuke, is a case in point. More than threehundred yavusa names (practically half those recorded)are derived from, or are identical with, place names,whereas none can be attributed to ancestors. Thiswould seem to indicate that the rest are probably like-wise derived from place names.
Two hundred and fifty yavusa bear the names oftheir yavutu. They are distributed among the thirteenprovinces as follows: Ra 70, Tholo East 50, Tailevu35,Naitasiri 31, Rewa 20, Tholo North 17, Namosi 7, TholoWest 6, Nandi 6, Mba 5, Nandronga 2, Lautoka 1,Serua 0. Map 1 shows clearly that this custom is pre-ponderant in the eastern half of the island.
Only fifty-eight yavusa are named for old villagesin which they had lived after departure from their yavu-tu. Of these fifty-eight, forty yavusa claim the Kauvan-dra Mountains as their yavutu. These forty are distrib-uted among the provinces as follows: Tailevu 30,Nandi 5, Serua 4, Tholo West 1. The distribution of theeighteen non-Kauvandra yavusa is as follows: Tailevu12, Rewa 3, Lautoka 1, Mba 1, Nandi 1.
Today twenty-one yavusa still live at their yavutu,
34Capell and Lester, pp. 329-331.
or at least in villages which bear the yavutu name. Byprovinces these twenty-one yavusa are distributed asfollows: Tailevu 8, Tholo East 4, Ra 3, Tholo North 3,Naitasiri 1, Tholo West 1, Lautoka 1.
There are a number of yavusa which, though identi-cally named, have different yavutu and are apparentlynot related. Of course the fact that their yavutu aredifferent is not incontrovertible proof of their sepa-rateness. The records of the original Native LandsCommission would need to be consulted to determinethis point. It is conceivable that single yavusa may havesplit, one part retaining the yavutu name, the otherassuming a new yavutu name -- although this explana-tion seems to me unlikely.
Aside from the legendary great movement of yavu-sa -- or, more probably, of the yavusa ancestors --from the Kauvandra Mountains, no great migration orpopulation drift can be discerned, although there areplenty of minor ones. Whether these movements ante-dated the emigration from Kauvandra (assumed to beabout 1600) cannot be determined, but I suspect that, onthe contrary, most of them took place after the Kauvan-dra "migration" and were probably induced by wars.
Intermarriage between different yavusa and theirconstituent clans (matanggali), or between separate vil-lages, is an interesting project for further field work.Capell and Lester give examples that indicate the rich-ness of this field for community studies.35 The geneal-ogies recorded for such investigations would also beuseful to the physical anthropologist studying the livingpopulation. A quantity of genealogical material hasalready been accumulated by Dr. Lindsay Verrier inthe Departmental Statistics and Demography Branch,Southern District Medical Office, Nausori, Fiji.
35Ibid., pp. 318-323.
370
LITERATURE CITEDBrewster, A. B.
1922. The Hill Tribes of Fiji. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Capell, A. and R. H. Lester1941. Local Divisions and Movements in Fiji, Oceania 11:313-341; 12:21-48.
Derrick, R. A.1946. A History of Fiji, Vol. 1. Printed and published by the Printing and Stationery Department,
Suva, Fiji.
Gifford, E. W.1949. Excavations in Viti Levu. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 58: 83-90.
1951a. Archaeological Excavations in Fiji. Univ. Calif. Anthro. Rec., 13: 189-288.
1951b. Fijian Mythology, Legends, and Archaeology. Univ. Calif. Publ. Sem. Philol., 11: 167-177.
Spencer, Dorothy M.1941. Disease, Religion, and Society in the Fiji Islands. Monographs of the American Ethnological
Society, No. 2.
Thompson, Laura1940. Southern Lau, Fiji: An Ethnography. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bull. 162.
371
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 30
Mbau Island with mainland of Viti Levu in background.
PLATE 31
a. Navatu, site 17, viewed from the west.
b. Legendary house mound of Lutunasombasomba onthe acropolis (Korovatu) at Vunda, site 26. Dimen-sions of mound edge, 35 ft. by 25 ft.; it is oval inoutline.
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