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8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anth-300-the-enlightenment 1/49
Animals, Culture, and
Society
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• The Enlightenment has its roots in 17th centuryEurope, and is characterized by emphasizing theimportance of reason and science oversuperstition and religion
• Key thiners !ere "oce, #ousseau, $e!ton, and%oltaire
• The movement !as centered in &rance butin'uenced the thining behind the American#evolution
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• (eginning in the 1)**s and 17**s,animals !ere increasingly seen asphilosophical and ethical sub+ects
• This attitude !as fueled by these trends• -idespread availability of print media
• .ncreasing urbanization
• The popularity of vivisection
• The commodi/cation of animals for food and labor
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n science, debate e0isted around !hetheranimals !ere moral and rational, lie humans
•
#ene escartes argued that animals !ere notrational, moral, or even conscious2 – 3e argued that animals !ere nothing more than
machines
• 4ontaigne, on the other hand, claimed thatanimals !ere more moral and rational thanhumans
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• %ivisection !as thought to be acceptable2
• "ive animal dissection occurred in vie! of
the public 5in order for a live audience toprovide !itness and veri/cation62
•
According to escartes, animals could notfeel pain – Animals responses !ere considered mechanical
reactions to stimuli
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Animals, Culture, and Society
%ideo
8Three 4inute 9hilosophy #ene escartes:
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• uring this time period, paintings of dead
animals in maret and itchen scenes !erestill being produced
• ead animal corpses !ere consideredob+ects of beauty yet animals !ere
considered to be far inferior to humans
• .n other !ords, nature !as simultaneouslyappreciated and e0ploited
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• uring the 9rotestant #eformation in Europe,the best source of income for painters ; theChurch << !as eliminated
• .n the $etherlands, ho!ever, artists !ere ableto thrive
• 4any utch artists depicted scenes of natureand daily life, instead of religious portraits
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%ideo
8The utch =olden Age8
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• uring this time period in the 1)th century, the middleclass continued to e0pand2
• -ith this middle class e0pansion came an increase in
economic and cultural e0pansion 5along !ith a demandfor game piece paintings62
• The rising middle class !as not allo!ed to hunt prizedgame, so the ne0t best thing !as to o!n a game piece
• A game piece !as proof of the rising social status ofthe o!ner
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• %ideo
8The Age of #eason8
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• ead animal trophy art in the 17th century continuedthe animal paintings that began in the 1>**s
•"arge panoramic hunting scenes !ere painted !ith thedetail of a still life
• The early game pieces from the /rst half of the 17th century !ere painted by 9eter 9aul #ubens and &ransSnyders
• Snyders often used human positions to pose deadanimals, !hich made them resemble human !arriors
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.mage http??elogedelart2canalblog2com
Animals, Culture, and Society
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• The game piece !as a display of animals that only thenobility !ere allo!ed to hunt 5stags, boars, s!ans, etc62
• These prized animals displaced the common domesticanimals in the itchen and maret scenes
• $otably, Snyders game pieces !ere completely devoidof blood
• The tendency to eliminate blood and gore from thedead animal paintings may have been an early sign ofan ob+ection to illing animals
A i l C l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• After 1)>*, game piece art became less culinary and moretrophy<lie
• The depiction of e0travagant abundance in maret and itchenscenes !as replaced by fe!er dead animals in game settings
• (irds !ere among the most popular animals depicted in deadanimal paintings
• 4any species of birds !ere hunted at the time
• -hen the birds !ere caught and illed, their heads !ere placedbet!een a !illo! branch 5to arrange them in a neat ro!6
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• #embrandt painted some of the earlieste0amples of hunting and animal portraiture
• 4ost hunting portraits !ere e0travagantcelebrations of the aristocracy
• "ie the game piece, hunting portraits !ereattempts to mae statements about socialstatus
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Animals, Culture, and Society
.mage http??!!!2rembrandtpainting2net
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the 17th century, many artists paintedordinary live animals lie co!s, horses, deer,dogs, and birds
• &or the /rst time since anti@uity, animals!ere represented on their o!n account 5notin a human conte0t6
• &or instance, they !ere often portrayed in/elds and meado!s
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the 1th century, prize cattle !ere paintedas a !ay to emphasize the o!ners socialstatus 5i2e2, the bigger, the better6
• The purpose of livestoc breeding !as toproduce animals for Baccelerated meat
production:
• These animals gre! very large to providemore meat
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• uring the Enlightenment period, animal portraiture!as often used to convey political messages
• These portraits !ere used as symbols in displays of
struggle and violence
• Animal struggleconsisting of predator versus prey!as a theme commonly portrayed to signify a political
message
• 9olitically, animal representations !ere used topromote resistance to outside aggression and tyranny
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .mages commissioned by and for the!ealthy included
• ead and live animal portraiture• 3unting trophies
• #epresentations of biological perfection
•
9olitical symbolism
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• &or the common people of England and &rance, the1th century brought plague and famine
• As a result of privation and hardship, rituals and
ceremonies !ere central to these peoples life
• 9eople of the 17th and 1th centuries made heavy useof animals and animal symbolism in these rituals and
ceremonies
• Some of these ritualized celebrations included animalbaitings
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• %ideo
• 8Children in the Eighteenth Century8
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• #oosters !ere !hipped on Shrove Tuesday
• ogs !ere !hipped on St2 "ues ay
• Cats !ere tortured in general
• Cats in particular !ere commonly associated!ith !omen and symbolic of !itchcraft
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Animals, Society, andCulture
.mage http??!!!2all<art2org?history
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• Animal imagery !as central to dramatic streettheater
•.n the case of punishment for se0ual oDences,shaming ceremonies used animal imagery
• &or instance, a youthstressed up lie a stag!ould
collapse and be Bslaughtered: at an oDenders door
• This shaming ritual served as a public announcementof disgrace
A i l C l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• &orcing people to ride !ooden
horses !as a form of publicpunishment
Animals Culture and
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
•.n "ondon during the 1)**s, animals !ere e0hibited at fairs, festivals, andsidesho!s
•eformed domestic animals !ere often sho!n alongside giants, d!arves, orhair<covered children
• Talented animalssuch as dancing bears, performing birds, and trainedhorses!ere very popular attractions
<<3ares could be trained to play drums
<<&leas pulled chariots
<<&lies dueled !ith each other using pieces of stra!
•Animals engaged in human activities !ere also found in !ritten and visual art
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, and Society
• %ideo
8=enuine &lea Circus8
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the 1th century, special combatarenas !ere established in large to!ns
• At these arenas, /ghts bet!een mastiDsand bearsas !ell as bulls and lionsbecame institutionalized entertainment
• .n 9aris, people pitted dogs against!olves and polar bears against mastiDs
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• As !orld e0ploration increased, more e0otic animals !ere importedinto Europe
• These animals !ere 516 o!ned privately, 56 put in menageries, and
5F6 used in public displays
• A large number of e0otic animals !ere ept as pets for the !ealthy
• &or aristocrats in the 17th century, parrots !ere associated !ith
must<have lu0ury items
• .n general, pet<eeping !as @uite common in the 1th century5including pet bats, pet toads, and pet hedge<hogs6
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
.mage
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the late 17**s, almost everyone had a dog
• The authorities tried to limit the number of dogso!ned by the poor through a dog ta0
• ogs !ere mass slaughtered to halt the spread ofrabies
• #oaming animals !ere considered unsanitarybecause they !ere not part of a /0ed socialrelationship
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• At the beginning of the Enlightenment,animal sho!s !ere considered opportunitiesfor education in natural history
• E0hibits !ere meant to teach people aboutanimals natural habitats
• (e that as it may, animals !ere ept incages !ith decorated !alls that !erenothing lie their natural habitats
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the 17th century, menageries and curiositycabinets !ere /nally open to the public
•#oyalty and the aristocracy !anted toappear favorable to the general public
• &or the royal menagerie in the To!er of"ondon, people traveled far and !ide to seelions, tigers, bears, eagles, and moneys
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• %ersailles had one of the best no!n and !ell<documented menageries of all time
• .t !as intended for peaceful animals and e0oticgifts given to the ing
• The menagerie had a uni@ue octagonalarchitecture
• This design allo!ed the monarch to see the !holemenagerie from his central salon
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• %ideo
84enagerie du Hardin des 9lantes8
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• There !as a close connectionbet!een art and the display ofnature at %ersailles
• "ouis I.% had prominent artists painteach animal
• The animals !ere used to entertainguests during royal receptions and
pageants
i l l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• Animals did not thrive in menagerie life
• They died from the cold and developedcon/nement deformities 5i2e2, beavers could nots!im6
• Eventually, the %ersailles animals !ere moved tothe Hardin des 9lantes and dedicated to science
• The garden !as turned into a natural historymuseum
i l C l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• The animals at Hardin des 9lantes !ere sometimesdissected by the Academie royale des sciences
• This careful study of animal anatomy greatly enhanced
scienti/c illustration
• #embrandts dra!ings include numerous studies ofanimals 5both domestics and e0otics6
• .n 3olland during the 17th century, the invention of themicroscope changed the !ay people sa! the natural!orld
A i l C l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• .n the 17th century, Christians began to agree!ith 4ontaignes argument that =od cared asmuch for the !elfare of animals as for man
• According to this philosophy, even !orms,beetles, snails, and spiders should be treated
more humanely
• Cruel farm practices generated la!s against
bringing unnecessary harm to animals
A i l C l d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
.mage http??!!!2ne!statesman2com
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• As this sentimentality to!ard animals gre!, animalbehavior became increasingly anthropomorphized
• Animals !ere used as representations of the human
condition
• #arely !as the natural !orld addressed for !hat it !as
•.t !as not uncommon for poets to spea directly toanimals in their poetry
– 5i2e2, -illiam (lae:Am not ., A 'y lie theeJ:6
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• A good e0ample is #obert (urns poem abouta mouse he accidentally illed !ith a plough
•
(urns identi/ed !ith the mouse
• 3e compared her trouble to his o!nhardships
• (urns engaged !ith this particular mouse
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• -ritings about cruelty to !ild birds had anin'uence on middle<class attitudes to!ardanimals
• .n 1th century &rance, chained and cagedanimals symbolized human slavery, prison,and oppression
• .t !as lined to concern for the e0ploitationof other humans
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
%ideo
• 8Animal Court Trials8
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• "ooing at cruelty !as one of the bestmeans of sho!ing the horror of animalsuDering
• Artist -illiam 3ughes portrayed The FourStages of Cruelty
• The intention of this piece !as to reach thelargest possible audience at the cheapestpossible price
Animals Culture and
8/17/2019 ANTH 300 the Enlightenment
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
.mage
A i l C lt d
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Animals, Culture, andSociety
• $evertheless, animal e0ploitation often occurred in urban areas
• uring the 17th and 1th centuries, animals !ere increasinglycommodi/ed for food and labor
•England !as a Bhell for horses:
• 3orses under!ent miserable !oring conditions, as did co!s,chicens, pigs, and sheep
• According to some critics, these animals labored as part of the!oring class
• .n other !ords, these animals !ored under the same capitalistsystem as humans
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