Antenna

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A PRESENTATION ON ANTENNA

BY:- PRADEEP KUMAR TANWAR

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An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.

It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. Antenna which is connected to transmitter is called

transmitting antenna. Antenna which is connected to receiver is called receiving

antenna.

ANTENNA

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Panel antenna is always be a vertical in position. There are numbers of groups of long array

antenna which is mounted on a panel antenna and all these antennas are connected to a port which has 7/8” size and of female coaxial type.

Input impedance = 50 Ω

PANEL ANTENNA

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1. According to frequency band.

a) Single band panel antennab) Dual band panel antennac) Triple band panel antenna

Types of panel antenna

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a) GSM 900b) GSM 1800c) GSM 1900d) GSM 2100e) GSM 800f) CDMA 850g) WCDMA (FOR 3G)h) LTE AND WIMAX (FOR 3G)

Single band panel antenna

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This band supports two different bands.a) GSM 900+GSM 1800

b) GSM 900+CDMA 850c) GSM 1800+CDMA 850There can be any two combination of different bands in dual band panel antenna.

Dual band panel antenna

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This supports three frequency band or three different frequencies.

GSM 900+CDMA+WCDMA

There can be any threecombination of different bands in triple band panel antenna.

Triple band panel antenna

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2). According to numbers of ports

a) Single port antennab) Dual port antennac) Quad port antenna

Types of panel antenna

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Single port antenna

7/8” female coaxial type

It is always a single band antenna.

It never be a dual or triple band antenna.

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Dual port antenna

7/8” F50Ω

It never be a dual or triple band antenna.

Both the port of antenna should be a single band antenna.

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Quad port antenna

GSM 900 CDMA

In Quad port antenna there are four ports. Two different band frequency can be used.Two ports are used for only one type of band.

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Quad port antenna

7/8” F 50Ω

GSM 800

CDMA

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Hex port antenna

Gsm 800

cdma wcdma

Gsm 800

cdma

wcdma

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3). According to Polarizationa) Single Polarized antennab) Dual Polarized antennac) Cross Polarized antenna

Types of panel antenna

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Single polarized antenna

+45°-45°

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+45° -45°

Single polarized antenna

An antenna that radiates or receives radio waves with a specific polarization.

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Dual polarized antenna

±45° ±45° ±45°

Its an antenna that can operate in vertical as well as horizontal

polarization.

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Cross polarized antenna

Single port antenna never be a cross polarized antenna.

One port in dual port antenna is - 45° and other is +45° .

This is most commonly used antenna.

-45° +45°

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4). According to Beam widtha) 45ºb) 65ºc) 75ºd) 90ºe) 120ºf) 180ºg) 360ºCommonly we use 65º and 360º but in maximum case we

use 65º beam width.

Types of panel antenna

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5). According to Direction of Radiation.a) Omni directional antennab) Bi directional antennac) Uni directional antenna

Types of panel antenna

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An omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates radio wave power uniformly in all directions in one plane.

We use this In Building sites (IBS site).

Omni directional antenna

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An antenna that radiates or receives most of its energy in only two directions.

We use this type of antenna to cover highways or railways lines.

Bi-directional antenna

Radiation pattern of bi-directional antenna

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A unidirectional propagation antenna is an antenna that's propagation pattern is in one direction.

Uni-directional antenna

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Tilt means to make a slope either upward or downward.

TYPESa) Up tilt- can be given mechanically.

The mechanical tilt arrangement is installed at bottom of antenna.

b) Down tilt- can be given mechanically, the mech.tilt arrangement is installed at top of the antenna.

c) Electric tilt- this is mainly for downward tilt. This is from (0 to10º)

TILT

Up tilt

down tilt

electric tilt

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MANUFACTURER KATHEREIN ANDREW

1. It is the leader in manufacturing of antennas.

1.It is on the second in the list.

2. This belongs to Germany 2. This belongs to USA

3. Electrical tilt is Knob Type 3. Electrical tilt is Hook Type.

4. Clamp size is 3 inch. 4. Clamp size is upto 6 inch.

5. Antenna Port is at Bottom or at back center.

5. Antenna Port is at back center or at bottom.

6. Two clamp are used.(Top and bottom)

6. Three clamp are used.(Top, bottom and back centre)

7. Antenna color-cream 7. Antenna color-greenish grey

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1. ANTENNA HEIGHT-a) It can be measured from centre of antenna to the ground.b) It can be of different height.c) Same method for GBT and RTT.

RF PLAN

GBT

RTT

Center of antenna

ground

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2. AZIMUTH- The direction of antenna w.r.t north in clock wise direction.

Sector I

North

Sector II

Sector III

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3. MECHANICAL TILT-Generally it will be Zero degree. But can be changed according to plan.

Mechanical tilt arrangement

Mechanical tilt arrangement

Up tiltDown tilt

Separator

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4. ELECTRICAL TILT-(0 to 10 º) normally it should be

(2-4 º). Electrical tilt hook or knob is used.

Electric Knob

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5. ANTENNA TYPE- There is numeric or alphanumeric code written on the antenna. We have to verify that code before installation of the antenna.

S.No Particulars S1 S2 S3

1 Antenna Height

26m 28m 32m

2 Azimuth 20° 180° 270°

3 Mechanical tilt

0° 0° 0°

4 Electrical tilt 3° 2° 4°

5 Antenna Type

RF PLAN

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RF CABLE:-It is basic type of cable used for carrying signals.

TRANSMISSION LINE:-A transmission line is a cable through which signals are send.

RF CABLE

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1. Equipment to Antenna:-The cable which isconnected to the Equipment and antenna is called Antenna Line/RF Line/Feeder Line.

2. Equipment to Equipment:-The cable which is connected to Equipment to Equipment is called IF Line/PCM Line.

BTS

ANTENNA

MSC

Feeder line

PCM line

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1. Co-axial cable.a) Co-axial is a type of cable that has inner conductor

surrounding by insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.

b) Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals.

c) Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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Outer insulation

Inner core

Outer core

Soft insulatio

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1. Co-axial cable.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Cross sectional view of coaxial cableInner core

Outer core

Soft insulationOuter insulation

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1. Co-axial cable.Properties of co-axial cable Inner core- pure copper Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- Tind copper mash kind shield. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 75Ω (unbalanced type). Size- less than ½”. Example- BNC,TNC,SMZ,SMB,RG-6

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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2. Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.a) Inner core is made up of pure copper.b) Size of inner core is large.c) Flexibility of this cable is good.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Inner core

Outer core

Soft insulatio

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Outer insulation

Cross sectional view of cu RF cableSoft insulation

Outer core

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2. Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.Properties of Cu RF cable Inner core- pure copper cylindrical tube (hollow type). Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- pure copper cylindrical tube. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 50Ω. Size of cable- 7/8” or 5/4”. Example- CAT-5, Ribbon Cable

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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2. Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable. The size of inner core is large and copper is used so current

conduction is more on surface then its conductivity increase and resistivity decrease hence cost will decrease due to hollow type.

To increase the flexibility we have the sinusoidal type of cable.

This type of cable can regain its shape due to flexibility.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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3. Al Feeder cable/RF cable.The inner core is made up of copper filled with soft insulation.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

Outer insulation

Inner core

Outer core

Soft insulation

Soft insulation Soft insulation Outer core

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3. Al Feeder cable/RF cable. Inner core- pure copper cylindrical tube (hollow type) but

filled with soft insulation. Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- cylindrical tube made of Al with silver foil. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 50Ω. Size of cable- 7/8”.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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4. Leaky Cable A leaky cable is a communications system used in tunnels

and underground mining. It consists of a coaxial cable runs along the tunnel which

emits and receives radio waves functioning as an antenna. This is also used for underground mobile communication in

tunnels.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINES

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MANUFACTURER OF RF CABLE

1. Andrew- One of the largest manufacturer.2. Nokia3. Helix4. Amphenol

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Thank You