Animal Bites & Rabies

Animal Bites &

Rabies

Rabies virus

Disease

• Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis in all warm-blooded hosts, including humans, and the outcome is almost always fatal. Although all species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, only a few species are important as reservoirs for the disease

Rabies family• Rabies virus belongs to the order

Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genomes. Within this group, viruses with a distinct "bullet" shape are classified in the Rhabdoviridae family.

• The genus Lyssavirus includes rabies virus, Lagos bat, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat virus 1 & 2 and Australian bat virus.

Transmission

• The rabies virus is transmitted when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. Various routes of transmission have been documented and include contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal transplantations. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host.

Oregon Administrative Rules

Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules (OARS) Chapter 333, Division 19 ‑ Health

Division 333‑019‑

• Except where specifically exempt, all dogs at least three months old shall be immunized against rabies by the age of six months. The following are exempt

Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules

• Vaccination of an animal against rabies is valid only when performed: a) by a licensed veterinarian; b) by a veterinary technician (certified according to OAR 875-030-0010) under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian; or

• Except as provided in (3), any dog, cat, or ferret that has bitten a person shall be held for observation until the tenth day following the bite. This observation shall be under the supervision of a Licensed Veterinarian or other person designated by the Local Public Health Authority.

Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules

• A Rabies Vaccination Certificate shall be completed and signed by the person performing the vaccination.

Animal Bites & Rabies

• (iii) Destruction of the head of a biting animal. No person shall destroy or allow to be destroyed without authorization by the local health officer or administrator (or designee) the head of a rabies susceptible animal which has bitten a person.

•

• (B) Laboratory Testing of the Head of a rabies susceptible animal which has bitten a person. The head of the biting animal shall be submitted immediately and under refrigeration to the Oregon Public Health Laboratory

Rabies in the US

Human Rabies Data 1996-2005

Human Rabies DataUS acquired cases only

1990 1 case TX Bat related

1991 2 cases AK, GA Bat related

1993 2 cases NY, TX Bat related

1994 4 cases CA, AL Bat related

1995 4 cases CA(2), CT, WA Bat related

1996 2 cases MT, KY Bat related

1997 4 cases MT, WA, NY, TX Bat related

1998 1 case VA Bat related

2000 5 cases CA, NY, GA, MN,WI Bat related

2002 3 cases CA, TN, IW Bat Related

2003 1 case VA Raccoon Related

2004 2 cases CA, WI Bat related

Rabies

Information from the

Oregon Health Division

Rabies

Silver-haired bats

Lasionycteris noctivagans

SILVER HAIR…………… BAT

Rabies in Oregon

ANIMAL RABIES Oregon 1960 - 2002

JACKSON21B, 8 F

JOSEPHINE 4 B, 2F

TILLAMOOK

BAKER4B,1 Hu

CROOK1B

DESCHUTES14B

GRANT4B

HARNEY7B

JEFFERSON 7B

LANE31 B, 1D, 1F

MALHEUR6B

MORROW

UMATILLA6B 1S

UNION4B

WALLOWA3 B

WHEELER

CURRY5B, 2F1 Co

COOS5B, 1F,

DOUGLAS 10B, 1D, 1C. 1F

KLAMATH8B

LAKE19B

WASCO4B

HOOD RIVER3B, 1R

GILLIAM

LINN24B, 1FBENTON

25 B, 2F

LINCOLN4B, 1C

POLK1B

YAMHILL2B, 1C

MARION14 B

CLACKAMAS26 B, 1C, 1S

CLATSOP5B

COLUMBIA3B

WASHINGTON12B, 1S, 1Hu

MULTNOMAH21B, 1D, 1C,1S,1Hu

SHERMAN

Last:Cats 1999 Douglas Co.Dog 1990 Mexico/ Douglas Co.

Fox 2000 Josephine Co.Human 1989 Washington Co.Skunk 1979 Multnomah Co.

Raccoon 1967Hood River Co.Cow 1999 Curry Co.

Legend:B BatC CatD DogF FoxHu HumanR Raccoon

S Skunk

Co Cow

Updated Jan 2001

Rabies-positive animalsOregon, 2005

GILLIAM

MAN

WASCO

CLATSOP

BAKER

CROOK

DESCHUTES

DOUGLAS

GRANT

LAKE

MALHEUR

MORROW

UMATILLA

UNION

WALLOWA

WHEELER

SHER-

COLUMBIA

CURRY

POLK

TILLAMOOK

LINCOLN

WASHINGTON

CLACKAMAS

JACKSON

LANE

BENTON

JOSEPHINE

HARNEY

JEFFERSON

MULTNOMAH

MARION

KLAMATH

LINN

HOOD RIVER

COOS

YAMHILL

= 1 Bat

JOEPHINE

TILLAMOOK

BAKER

CROOK

DESCHUTES

GRANT

HARNEY

JEFFERSON

LANE

MALHEUR

MORROW

UMATILLA

UNION

WALLOWA

WHEELER

CURRY

COOSDOUGLAS

KLAMATH

LAKE

WASCO

HOOD RIVER

GILLIAM

LINNBENTON

LINCOLN

POLK

YAMHILL

MARION

CLACKAMAS

CLATSOPCOLUMBIA

WASHINGTON

MULTNOMAH

SHERMAN

JACKSON

Rabies positive animals OREGON

MAP 2006

Year Bat Cat Dog Fox Other Animals

1990 1/29 0/61 0/34 0/1 0/14

1991 4/40 1/85 1/54 1/4 0/19

1992 2/29 0/98 0/54 0/4 0/54

1993 2/43 1/96 0/34 4/10 0/59

1994 10/47 0/88 0/58 3/7 0/78

1995 3/47 0/98 0/61 5/5 0/159

1996 3/48 0/51 0/33 0/5 0/58

1997 14/116 1/83 0/52 0/6 0/45

1998 6/95 0/95 0/56 0/3 0/49

1999 11/115 1/95 0/45 0/1 1/47 (Cow)

2000 8/73 0/79 0/56 1/4 0/4

2001 4/59 0/67 0/46 0/1 0/41

2002 12/134 0/102 0/27 2/4 0/29

2003 6/61 0/75 0/36 1/5 0/39

2004 7/88 0/105 0/42 0/2 0/27

2005 8/83 0/100 0/48 0/1 0/23

2006 23/126 0/72 0/26 2/4 0/41

2007 12/153 0/80 0/33 0/1 0/26

Totals1990-2007

136/13869.8%

4/15300.26%

1/7980.12%

19/6828%

1/8120.1%

Prevention or PEP

• Preexposure vaccination is recommended for persons in high-risk groups, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and certain

laboratory workers. • Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is

indicated for persons possibly exposed to a rabid animal. Possible exposures include animal bites,  or mucous membrane contamination with infectious tissue, such as saliva

•   Preexposure prophylaxis consists of three doses of rabies vaccine given on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28.

Preexposure prophylaxis regimen

Postexposure prophylaxis regimen

•   In the United States, PEP consists of a regimen of one dose of immune globulin and five doses of rabies vaccine over a 28-day period.

• Rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine should be given as soon as possible after exposure.

• Additional doses of rabies vaccine should be given on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination. Current vaccines are relatively painless and are given in your arm, like a flu or tetanus vaccine

Rabies Testing

Laboratory Diagnosis

Human Rabies, New York, 2000. Immunofluorescence Staining of Rabies Nucleoprotein, Cerebellum, 160x.

Purkinje Cells

Grey Matter Molecular Layer

Grey Matter Granular Layer

RABIES LAB

WADSWORTH CENTER

NYS DOH

TRIMARCHI

Human Rabies, New York, 2000. Immunofluorescence Staining of Rabies Nucleoprotein, Brainstem, 160x.

Clusters of intracyto-plasmicinclusions disclose nerve cell bodies

RABIES LAB

WADSWORTH CENTER

NYS DOH

TRIMARCHI