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Anatomy and Physiology
Chest, lungs, and conducting airways Two parts:
Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory system consists of trachea, bronchi, and broncioles
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Anatomy and Physiology
Alveoli - place of carbon dioxide-oxygen exchange
Inhalation and Exhalation - air movement in and out of lungs
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Diagnostic Tests
Auscultation: breathing quality and rateTachypnea - rapid respirationsRales - musical sounds heard on inhalation
and often called “crackles”Rhonchi - rattling sounds in bronchi due to
obstruction
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Diagnostic Tests
Chest X-ray Sputum culture Tissue biopsy Bronchoscopy Arterial blood gases Pulmonary function tests
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Common Diseases of the Respiratory System
Most disorders of upper respiratory system are not life threatening
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)Most commonly caused by the rhinovirus
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Common Diseases of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)Treatment:
○ Rest○ Fluids○ Antipyretics and analgesics○ Antibiotics for secondary infections
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Common Diseases of the Respiratory System
Common Cold (acute rhinitis) Hay Fever (allergic rhinitis) Sinusitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Diseases usually more severe than URIs
Many can be life threatening
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Acute Bronchitis - inflammation of lining of the bronchusShort term following URISymptoms include fever, tight feeling behind
sternum, productive cough
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Acute Bronchitis Treatment:
○ Rest○ Increased fluids○ Cough syrup○ Antipyretics○ Analgesics and antibiotics for secondary
infections
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Influenza - highly contagious respiratory infectionSymptoms:
○ Onset of fever, chills, headache○ Back and muscle pain○ Cough, runny nose, sore throat, sneezing○ Hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
InfluenzaViral and spread by coughing of respiratory
secretions
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Treatment for influenza is symptomaticRestAnalgesicsAntipyreticsAntibiotics only if secondary infection
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Group of pulmonary diseases due to cigarette smoking
Two most common types of COPD:Chronic bronchitis Emphysema
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Diagnosis:History and physical (Chest x-rays)Pulmonary function testsArterial blood gases
No cure
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Symptomatic treatment:Bronchodilator medicationsInhalersMucolyticsCough medications
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Symptomatic treatment:Avoid people with URIsFlu shotsPrognosis is poor
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
AtelectasisCollapse or airless state of all or part of lungCauses:
○ Surgical pain○ Fractured ribs○ Blockage of airway by mucus plug
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
AtelectasisTreatment:
○ Analgesics for pain○ Ambulation○ Frequent deep breathing and coughing
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
PneumoniaInflammation of bronchioles and alveoli due
to infection by bacteria, virus, or other pathogens
Pneumonitis is inflammation without infection
Symptoms related to area and tissue involved
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
PneumoniaDiagnosis is made after chest X-ray, history
and physical, and sputum cultureTreatment depends on cause
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary AbscessCollection of infectious material within a
capsuleMay be complication of bacterial
pneumonia, aspiration of food, or a foreign body
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary AbscessSymptoms: chills, fever, chest pain, coughTreatment includes long-term antibiotic
therapySurgical resection if area is large or
antibiotic therapy is unsuccessful
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)Infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosisAcquired by breathing air infected with
bacteria or by coughing and sneezingDiagnosed by skin testing, chest X-ray,
sputum cultureExtended antibiotic therapy
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)Follows episode of severe traumaCauses acute respiratory failure needing
mechanical ventilationHigh mortality rate even with proper
treatment
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Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Lung CancerLeading cause of cancer deaths in United StatesOften asymptomatic until it metastasizes to
brain, bone, and liverMost often caused by cigarette smokingSymptoms are dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysisDiagnosis: X-ray and tissue biopsyTreatment: chemotherapy, radiation, surgery
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Diseases of Pleura and Chest May be caused by infection, trauma,
other diseases Common symptoms: pain and shortness
of breath
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Diseases of Pleura and Chest Common diseases:
Pleurisy (pleuritis)Pneumothorax - air in pleural cavityHemothorax - blood in chest cavityPleural Effusion (Hydrothorax) - fluid in
chestEmpyema - pus in chest cavity
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Diseases of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - sudden blockage of an artery by an embolism
Suffocation - not breathing to the point that the individual loses consciousness and eventually dies
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Diseases of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Suffocation Possible causes:
AspirationStrangulationDrowning
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Rare Diseases
Pneumoconiosis - environmentally induced diseases causing progressive, chronic inflammation and infection
Causes include:AsbestosisAnthracosis - Coal miner’s disease; black
lungSilicosis
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Rare Diseases
Fungal DiseasesCaused by inhaling an airborne fungusTwo forms
○ Histoplasmosis○ Coccidioidomycosis - Desert fever and valley
fever
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