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Introduction and its application in chemicalengineering
By: Ananto Wimbaji
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SonochemistryApplication of power of sound
to chemical processes:
Ultrasound can increasechemical reactivity besidesheat, pressure, light andcatalyst
Chemical changes by powerof ultrasound @lowerfrequency as a result ofgenerated cavitation
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UltrasonicUltrasonic:
Sound @ frequency > 20 kHz
Human hearing : 20 Hz 20 kHz
Conventional Ultrasonic: 20 100 kHz
Extended range of Sonochem: 20kHz-2MHz
Diagnostic Ultrasonic: 5 10 MHz
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Application of Ultrasound
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Effect of Ultrasound
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CavitationFormation, growth & implosive collapse of
bubbles in a liquid.
Cavitational collapse produces intense localheating (~5000 K), high pressures (~ 1400atm) , enormous heating & cooling rates(~>109 OK/sec) and liquid jet stream (~400
km/hr)
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CavitationIllustration of bubble generation and collapse
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CavitationPhysical, chemical & macroscopic effect ofsonochemistry
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Cavitation (Video)
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Sonochemistry Apparatus
Generator
Transducer
Reaction
chamber
Sonoprobe
/ horn
In Lab /development :
Courtesy:
Telsonic
Ultrasonic
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Sonochemistry & ChemicalReaction
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Ultrasond assisted
reactionType of chemical synthesis of ultrasonic:
- Reactions involving Metal or Solids Surface
- Reactions involving powder and particulatematter
- Emulsions reaction
- Homogeneous reaction
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Luches Rule of
Sonochemistry
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Possible benefit of
Ultrasound- Might accelerate reaction or only required less
forcing condition
-Induction period are often significantlyreduced as are exothermic normallyassociated with such reactions
- Reactions are often initiated by ultrasound
without the need for additives- The number of steps that are normally
required can sometime be reduced
- A reaction can be directed to alternative
pathway
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Example of Ultrasound assisted
ReactionBiodiesel production from trans-esterification of
vegetable oil with methanol in presence ofbase catalyst:
Vegetable oil + 3 MeOH 3 Me Ester + Gly
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Example of Ultrasound assisted
Reaction
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Example of Ultrasound assisted
Reaction
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Example of Ultrasound assisted
ReactionUltrasonic treatment :
Can deliver a biodiesel yield to > 99%.
reduces the processing time from the 1-5hr/batch to less than five minutes.
Reduce methanol consumption (excess +/- 40% vs 100% with conventional process)
help to reduce the separation time from 5-10hr to less than 15 minutes
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Other UltrasonicApplication in Chemical
Engineering
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CrystallizationUltrasound can be extremely useful since:
Can initiate seeding and control subsequent
crystal growth in saturated and super-cooledmedium
Can promote cleaning action that stopsencrustation of crystal in cooling medium and
ensure continuous efficient heat transfer
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Crystallization
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Filtration
The ultrasonic cavitational energy scrubs each particle's surface as it
flows over the Tray. The cleaning effect produced by water alone is very
effective in removing surface contaminates from the particulate pores.
Chemical additives, added prior to the ultrasonic Vibrating Tray, become
highly reactive in the acoustic field. The Tray is effective for soil washing,
precious metal recovery, and mineral ore extraction
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SievingIndustrial sieves arenormally agitated at lowfrequency to help theproduct to distribute itselfevenly over the surfaceand to help the smallparticles go through.Vibrating the mesh atultrasonic frequencies (inaddition to this low-frequency oscillation) can
improve the rate of flowdramatically, preventingthe product from blockingthe holes in the mesh andhelping to separate thesmall particles from thelarge
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Mixing & Emulsification
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Dispersing of Solid in
Liquid
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Oil & water emulsion
up400s_emulsion_p0200.flv
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Oil (diesel fuel) & water mixture
Improving burningcharacteristics ofheating oils in the
simplest case may beachieved by adding 5-10% of water to it andhomogeneouslyemulsifying the mixturein the power-ultrasonicfield. This increases theburning rate of theheating oil by a factor of
5-10%
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ExtractionCould reduce exraction time up to
10 times
Could reduce solvent used
improves the extract yieldand considerably reducesundesired extracts
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Extraction
9 0 t o 9 5 % 7 5 t o 8 0 % R e c o v e r y4 h o u r s 4 5 h o u r s T o t a l E x t r a c t i o n T i m e 1 h o u r 5 h o u r s T i m e p e r L e a c h i n g 0 4 0 9 N o . s o f L e a c h i n g 1 : 8 1 : 6 R a t i o S o l u t e : S o l v e n t n - H e x a n e n - H e x a n e S o l v e n t A r t e m e s i a L e a v e s A r t e m e s i a L e a v e s S o l u t e
F A S T E X T R A C T I O N C o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d
P a r a m e t e r s
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Ultrasound &
EnvironmentPollution Abatement
Enhanced Biogas Production
Oilfield remediation
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Ultrasound &
EnvironmentContinuous treatment of liquid wastes withpowerful ultrasound in combination withultraviolet radiation has been shown to greatlyenhance the sterilization processa photochemical oxidation process takes
place leading to sterilization that is thousandsof times more effective than that achieved byultraviolet treatment alone
Using this technology for drinking waterpurification permits eliminating algaeformation and reducing the chlorine contentto a minimum at which no chlorine odor ortaste is detected
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Ultrasound &
EnvironmentThe combination of cavitation,
ultrasound energy, and the
injection of ozone results in an
ultra-fine emulsified mixture
significantly increasing thereaction surface area.
High local pressures and
temperatures cause - among
other reactions - destruction of
biological protein-molecules,
aromatic hydrocarbons and thiols
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Ultrasound in Petroleum &
PetrochemicalCatalyst preparation
Desulfuration of diesel fuel
Gasoline valorization (Octane enhancement)
Ultrasound assisted polymerization
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Desulfuration of diesel
fuelUnder the influence of powerfulultrasound the hydrocarbons arepartially decomposed forming
radicals and releasing free sulfur,which is subsequently oxidizedand removed. The process isaccompanied by breaking largehydrocarbon structures into
smaller ones, thereby reducing thecrude oils density and viscosity,making it easier to transportthrough pipelines (improving itsability to flow) and increasing the
amount of lighter oils that can berecovered durin the refiner
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Gasoline valorization (Octane
enhancement)hydrocarbons can become
restructured (polymerize, condense,etc.) forming new hydrocarbons withincreased octane numbers whenexposed to high-power ultrasound inthe presence of certain catalysts
exposing straight low-quality gasolineto ultrasound with properly adjustedintensity and exposure time inpresence of correctly selectedcatalysts can raise its octane numbersignificantly and increase its value
Carrying out this type of processesrequires identifying the right catalysts,which should be selective with respectto isomeric components of automotivegasolines. The highest qualitycatalysts known for these processes
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CONCLUSIONUltrasonic could be applied in various aspectof chemical engineering, range from chemicalreaction, unit operation, petroleum and
petrochemical process and evenenvironmental problem
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