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Analysis of Gas Turbine Performance With Inlet Air Cooling Techniques Applied to Brazilian Sites
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE
AbbreviationsISO International Organization for StandardizationTIT Turbine Inlet TemperatureTIC Turbine Inlet Cooling
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doi: 10.5028/jatm.2012.04032012
Analysis of Gas Turbine Performance with Inlet Air Cooling Techniques Applied to Brazilian SitesAna Paula Santos1, Cludia R. Andrade2,*1 9DOH6ROXo}HVHP(QHUJLD6mR-RVpGRV&DPSRV63%UD]LO2 ,QVWLWXWR7HFQROyJLFRGH$HURQiXWLFD6mR-RVpGRV&DPSRV63%UD]LO
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INTRODUCTION
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$QDO\VLVRI*DV7XUELQH3HUIRUPDQFHZLWK,QOHW$LU&RROLQJ7HFKQLTXHV$SSOLHGWR%UD]LOLDQ6LWHV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012 345
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aODQG'H/XFLDHW aO
100% RH
60% RH
40% RH
20% RH
10% RH
Inlet ChillingProcess
EnthalpyBtu Per Pound
of Dry Air
EvaporativeCooling Process
SpecicHumidity
Dry Bulb Temperature
40
35
30
25
20
15
4 16 27 38 49.000
.005
.010
.015
.020
C
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DVLQJOHVKDIWJDVWXUELQHLVQXPHULFDOO\VLPXODWHGRSHUDWLQJZLWKQDWXUDOJDV7DEOHVKRZV WHFKQL-FDOSDUDPHWHUVIRUDQDUELWUDU\QRQFRPPHUFLDOJDVWXUELQHXQLWXVHGWRHYDOXDWHERWKWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH%DVH&DVHZLWKRXWFRROLQJLQWDNHDLUDQGHDFKLQOHWDLUFRROLQJVWXGLHGPHWKRG,QOHWRXWOHWGXFWVSUHVVXUHORVVHVDUHDOVROLVWHG ,QLWLDOO\D%DVH&DVHFDVHZLWKRXWDQ\FRROLQJPHWKRGZDVVLPXODWHGHPSOR\LQJWKH,62FRQGLWLRQV7 &DQGI $IWHUWKHLQXHQFHRIDPELHQWLQOHWWHPSHUDWXUHRQJDVWXUELQHSHUIRUPDQFHLVYHULHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJPDLQ-taining I 7KHWXUELQHLQOHWWHPSHUDWXUHZDV[HGDW7,7 .
7DEOH 7HFKQLFDOVSHFLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHOHFWHGJDVWXUELQHHQJLQH'HVFULSWLRQ $GRSWHGYDOXHV&\FOH 6LQJOH VKDIW VLPSOH F\FOHLQGXVWULDOHQJLQH3UHVVXUHUDWLR 11 [-]Turbine inlet temperature >.@$LURZUDWH >NJV@,VHQWURSLFHIFLHQF\RIFRPSUHVVRU >@,VHQWURSLFHIFLHQF\RIturbine
>@&RPEXVWLRQHIFLHQF\ >@,QOHWSUHVVXUHORVV 100 [mmH2O]([KDXVWSUHVVXUHORVV 200 [mmH2O] &RPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUSUHVVXUHORVV >@)XHO/+9 1DWXUDOJDV>N-NJ@
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
6DQWRV$3$QGUDGH&5
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
[%]
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
ISO Conditions:T = 15 CI = 60 %
TIT = 1385 KHeat ratePower output
)LJXUH(IIHFWRILQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHJDVWXUELQHSHUIRUPDQFHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWK,62FRQGLWLRQV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012346
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
$QDO\VLVRI*DV7XUELQH3HUIRUPDQFHZLWK,QOHW$LU&RROLQJ7HFKQLTXHV$SSOLHGWR%UD]LOLDQ6LWHV
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
'T[C
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 60%
H = 0.95H = 0.90H = 0.85
)LJXUH(IIHFW RI HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ HIIHFWLYHQHVV RQ WKH LQOHWtemperature drop.
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Pow
erou
tput
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KH = 0.90
I = 18%I = 60%Base-case
)LJXUH(IIHFWRIDPELHQW LQWDNH WHPSHUDWXUHRQ WKHJDV WXUELQHSRZHURXWSXWXVLQJHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJ
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0Th
e rm
alef
ficie
ncy
[%]
TIT = 1385 KH = 0.90
I = 18%I = 60%Base-Case
)LJXUH(IIHFWRIDPELHQW LQWDNH WHPSHUDWXUHRQ WKHJDV WXUELQHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\HPSOR\LQJHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJV\VWHP
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
'T[C
]
Intake temperature[C]
TIT = 1385 KAbsorption chiller: I = 18% and 60%Evaporative cooling: H = 0.90 and I = 18%Evaporative cooling: H = 0.90 and I = 60%
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQHYDSRUDWLYHDQGDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHULQOHWFRROLQJPHWKRGV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012 347
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aO 7KH &23 LQXHQFH RQ WKH WKHUPDO HIFLHQF\ )LJ SUHVHQWVDEHKDYLRUVLPLODURIREWDLQHGIRU WKHSRZHURXWSXW
6DQWRV$3$QGUDGH&5
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature[C]
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Pow
er o
utpu
t[M
W]
TIT = 1385 KAbsorption chiller: I = 18%Absorption chiller: I = 60%Base-case
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIDPELHQWLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXWDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUFRROLQJV\VWHP
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature[C]
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
Ther
mal
effic
ienc
y[%
]
TIT = 1385 KAbsorption chiller: I = 18%Absorption chiller: I = 60%Base-case
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIDPELHQWLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHJDVWXUELQHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\DEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUFRROLQJV\VWHP
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Pow
erou
tput
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 60 %
COP = 7.0COP = 4.5COP = 2.0
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUFRHIFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH&23RQJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXW
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Pow
erou
tput
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 60 %
COP = 7.0COP = 4.5COP = 2.0
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUFRHIFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH&23RQJDVWXUELQHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012348
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
)LJVDQG7KXVWKHPDVVRZZDWHUDQGFRROLQJORDGFRPSDUDWLYH UHVXOWVSORWWHG LQ)LJVDQGZHUHobtained at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
$QDO\VLVRI*DV7XUELQH3HUIRUPDQFHZLWK,QOHW$LU&RROLQJ7HFKQLTXHV$SSOLHGWR%UD]LOLDQ6LWHV
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.5
39.0
Pow
erou
tput
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KCOP = 4.5
I = 18%I = 60%
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIDPELHQWLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHJDVWXUELQHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\HPSOR\LQJPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUFRROLQJV\VWHP
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Mas
sflo
ww
ate r
[kg/
s]
ma = 141.16 kg/sTET = 1385 CI = 18%
Evaporative cooling: H = 0.90Absorption chillerMechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIDPELHQWLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHHYDSRUDWHGDQGFRQGHQVHGPDVVRZZDWHU
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Cool
ing
load
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 18 %
Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5Absorption chillerEvaporative cooling: H = 0.90
)LJXUH (IIHFWRIDPELHQWLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHFRROLQJORDGRIHYDSRUDWLYHDQGFKLOOHUVFRROLQJV\VWHPV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012 349
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
GDLO\FROOHFWHGDFWXDOGDWDPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDYHU-DJHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ZHUH WUHDWHGWRFDOFXODWHDQDYHUDJHPRQWKO\YDOXHRYHUWKHDQDO\]HG\HDUV
Table 2. *HRJUDSKLFVLWHVSite &DPSRV5-%UD]LO *RLkQLD*2%UD]LO
$OWLWXGH>P@ 25.0 Latitude [] Longitude [] - 41.34 3UHVVXUH>N3D@ 101.25
&DPSRV LV D FRDVW FLW\ZLWK KLJKHU DYHUDJHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHVRFFXUULQJGXULQJWKHVXPPHUPRQWKV&LQ'HFHPEHUWR0DUFKDQGORZHURQHVRFFXUULQJLQ-XQHWR$XJXVWa&DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHDYHUDJHUHODWLY-LW\KXPLGLW\OHYHOLVKLJKGXULQJDOO\HDUUHDFKLQJDOPRVWLQ$SULO)LJ 2Q WKHRWKHUKDQG*RLkQLD LVDSODQQHGFLW\ ORFDWHGDWWKH FHQWUDO UHJLRQ RI WKH %UD]LO ZLWK PD[LPXP DYHUDJH
6DQWRV$3$QGUDGH&5
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
Pow
erou
tput
[MW
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 18%
Evaporative cooling:Absorption chillerCompression chiller: COP = 4.5Base case
H = 0.90
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXWIRUHDFKVLPXODWHGFRROLQJWHFKQLTXHV
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Intake temperature [C]
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
The r
mal
e ffic
ienc
y[%
]
TIT = 1385 KI = 18 %
Evaporative cooling:Absorption chillerCompression chiller: COP = 4.5Base-case
H = 0.90
)LJXUH &RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHJDVWXUELQHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\IRUHDFKVLPXODWHGFRROLQJWHFKQLTXHV
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
Months
DECOCTSEPAUGJULJUNMAYAPR NOVMARFEBJAN
Am
bien
t tem
pera
ture
[C
]
)LJXUH &DPSRVVVLWHPRQWKO\DYHUDJHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHRFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
DECNOVOCTSEPAUGJULJUNMAYAPRMARFEBJAN
Rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity [%
]
Months
)LJXUH &DPSRVVVLWHPRQWKO\DYHUDJHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012350
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pHraGRr NaFiRnaO GR SiVWHma (OpWriFR216GHWHUPLQHVWKHWKHUPDOSRZHUSODQWRSHUDWLRQGXULQJWKLVSHULRG$WWKLVFRQWH[WWKHLQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULFHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQDQGDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHHOHFWULFLW\FRVWZLOOEHKHUHLQFRQGXFWHGRQO\IRU WKHVHFRQGVHPHVWHURYHUFLWHGPHWHRURORJLFDOGDWD )LJXUHDQG)LJSUHVHQW WKH LQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULFHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHGZKHQWKHFRROLQJPHWKRGVDUH
LQFOXGHG IRU WKH &DPSRV DQG*RLkQLD ORFDWLRQV UHVSHF-WLYHO\1RWLFH WKDW WKHVHYDOXHVUHSUHVHQWHQKDQFHPHQW LQUHODWLRQWRWKHHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURGXFHGE\WKHJDVWXUELQHZLWKRXWDQ\FRROLQJ (PSOR\LQJUHVXOWVRIHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVSUHVHQWHGLQSUHYL-RXVOLWHUDWXUHZRUNV$O,EUDKLPDQG9DUQKDP'H/XFLDHW aO*DUHWDHW aODQHFRQRPLFVWXG\ZDVDOVRSHUIRUPHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRVWRIDGGLWLRQDOGHYLFHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHDFKFRROLQJPHWKRG%HVLGHVWKHVWDWLRQDU\SRZHUJHQHUDWLRQV\VWHPLVH[SHFWHGWRKDYHDKLJKXWLOL]DWLRQIDFWRULHWKLVV\VWHPLVDVVXPHGWRRSHUDWHKRXUVSHUGD\GD\VSHU\HDUUHVXOWLQJLQKRXUVSHU\HDU 7KXV WKH WRWDO LQFUHPHQWDODQQXDOHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWKDGEHHQ FRPSXWHG LQ &DPSRV DQG *RLkQLD FRQVLGHULQJ WKHIROORZLQJFRQWULEXWLRQVFDSLWDOFRVWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHDFKLQOHWDLUFRROLQJPHWKRGRSHUDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFH20[HGDQGYDULDEOHFRVWVDQGLQFUHPHQWDOIXHOFRVWV7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHLQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQFRPSXWHGE\VXPRIWKHPRQWKO\FRQWULEXWLRQSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJDQG)LJ
$QDO\VLVRI*DV7XUELQH3HUIRUPDQFHZLWK,QOHW$LU&RROLQJ7HFKQLTXHV$SSOLHGWR%UD]LOLDQ6LWHV
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
31.0
31.5
32.0
32.5
33.0
33.5
34.0
34.5
35.0
Months
DECOCTSEPAUGJULJUNMAYAPR NOVMARFEBJAN
Am
bien
t tem
pera
ture
[C
]
)LJXUH *RLkQLDVVLWHPRQWKO\DYHUDJHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHRFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
DECNOVOCTSEPAUGJULJUNMAYAPRMARFEBJAN
Months
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity [%
]
)LJXUH *RLkQLDV VLWH 0RQWKO\ DYHUDJH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\RFFXUUHGRYHU\HDUV
Evaporative cooling: = 0.90 Absorption chiller Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
DECOUTSEPAUGJUL NOV
Months
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,400
2,800
3,200
3,600
4,000
4,400
Incr
emen
tal e
lect
ric e
nerg
y ge
nera
tion
[MW
h]
)LJXUH &DPSRVV VLWH PRQWKO\ LQFUHPHQWDO HOHFWULF HQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHGE\WKHWHVWHGFRROLQJPHWKRGV
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,400
2,800
3,200
3,600
4,000
4,400
4,800
5,200
Mounths
DECOUTSEPAUGJUL NOV
Evaporative cooling: = 0.90 Absorption chiller Mechanical chiller: COP = 4.5
Incr
emen
tal e
lect
ric e
nerg
y ge
nera
tion
[MW
h]
)LJXUH *RLDQLDV VLWH PRQWKO\ LQFUHPHQWDO HOHFWULF HQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQSURYLGHGE\WKHWHVWHGFRROLQJPHWKRGV
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012 351
IXHOFRVWDQGWRWDOHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWREWDLQHGIRU&DPSRVDQG*RLkQLDVVLWHVHPSOR\LQJWKHWKUHHVWXGLHGFRROLQJPHWKRGV 7KH HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ SURYLGHV PRQWKO\ DXJPHQWHGHQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ OHVVHU WKDQ 0:K IRU &DPSRVVVLWH )LJ UHVXOWLQJ LQ D DQQXDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI DERXW0:KDVVKRZQ LQ WKH WKLUGFROXPQRI7DEOH7KHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUV\VWHPSURGXFHGFORVHWRIRXUWLPHVPRUHHOHFWULFHQHUJ\WKDQWKHSRZHUSODQWZLWKHYDSRUDWLYHFRROLQJV\VWHPa0:K)RUWKHPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUPHWKRGWKH\HDUO\LQFUHPHQWDOHOHFWULFHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQLVDURXQG0:KLQWKH&DPSRVVLWH7DEOHWKLUGFROXPQGXHWRSRZHUH[WUDFWLRQIURPWKHJDVWXUELQHWRGULYHWKHYDSRUFRPSUHVVLRQHTXLSPHQW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG )LJ VKRZV WKDW WKH LQFUHPHQWDOPRQWKO\HOHFWULFHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQDW*RLDQLDVVLWHLVKLJKHUWKDQ&DPSRVFLW\)LJZKHQWKHHYDSRUDWLYHV\VWHPLVHPSOR\HGGXHWRWKHORZHUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RFFXUUHGDWWKHUVWVLWH$OWKRXJKWKLVFRROLQJPHWKRGRIIHUVWKHORZHVWWRWDOHQHUJ\XQLWFRVW7DEOHWKHHYDSRUDWLYHRSWLRQKDVDQLQIH-ULRUFDSDFLW\RILQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHRWKHUWZRFRROLQJPHWKRGV 5HVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW IRU ERWK ORFDWLRQV WKH EHVW FRRO-LQJRSWLRQLVWKHDEVRUSWLRQFKLOOHUV\VWHPZKLFKSURYLGHGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DVXSHULRUYDOXHRIWKHLQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQDQGDORZHQHUJ\XQLWFRVWLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKPHFKDQLFDOFKLOOHUPHWKRG
CONCLUSIONS
7KHYDULDWLRQRIWKHDPELHQWDLUWHPSHUDWXUHVKRZHGWKDWDW,62FRQGLWLRQVDQLQFUHDVHRI&LQWKHLQWDNHWHPSHUDWXUHJHQHUDWHVDUHGXFWLRQRILQWKHJDVWXUELQHSRZHURXWSXWDQGRILQWKHF\FOHWKHUPDOHIFLHQF\)LJ7KHVHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDW7,&WHFKQRORJLHVDUHSULPRUGLDOWRHQVXUH
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
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
$XWKRUVDUHJUDWHIXOWR96(9DOH6ROXo}HVHP(QHUJLDE\WKHQDQFLDOVXSSRUWIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKLVZRUN
6DQWRV$3$QGUDGH&5
Table 3. IQFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOJDVWXUELQHSDUDPHWHUV
&LW\ &RROLQJPHWKRG ,QFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQ ,QFUHPHQWLQDQQXDOIXHOFRVW ,QFUHPHQWLQHQHUJ\XQLWFRVW>0:K@ >0:K@ >0:K@
&DPSRV(YDSRUDWLYH $EVRUSWLRQFKLOOHU 43.280HFKDQLFDOFKLOOHU
*RLkQLD(YDSRUDWLYH 32.02$EVRUSWLRQFKLOOHU 43.240HFKDQLFDOFKLOOHU 53.00
J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., So Jos dos Campos, Vol.4, No 3, pp. 341-353, Jul.-Sep., 2012352
$QDO\VLVRI*DV7XUELQH3HUIRUPDQFHZLWK,QOHW$LU&RROLQJ7HFKQLTXHV$SSOLHGWR%UD]LOLDQ6LWHV
REFERENCES
$OKD]P\00DQG1DMMDU
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