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Anaerobic Digestion and Pyrolysis Feasibility Studies to
Support the GLWA Biosolids Master Plan
Steven Saffermana*, Umesh Adhikaria, Christopher Saffrona,
Wendy Barrottb, Andrea Buschb, Xavier Fonoll Almansab, John Nortonb
a Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State UniversityB Great Lakes Water Authority, Detroit, Michigan
*SteveS@msu.edu; 517-432-0812
Specific Activities
1. Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock Development
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Digester
4. Anaerobic Digestion Pilot-Scale Evaluations
5. Pyrolysis Laboratory Screening
6. Process Energy Estimations
Objective
Investigate new energy generation from biosolids to support the
GLWA’s Energy Master Plan
http://detroitwaterbrigade.org/detroit-water-department-lays-off-all-building-maintenance-workers/
Capacity: average 675 MGD, up to 930 MGD
Wet weather capacity: 1.7 Billion gall/day
Detroit Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility
Detroit Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility
https://www.cccnetwork.com/portfolio/dwsd-pc774-incinerator/
https://www.wadetrim.com/portfolio-items/biosolids-
dryer-facility/#.XwzXABOSmUk
Dryer and Pelletizer: ~315 dry tons/day
Incinerator: ~135 dry tons/day
Primary sludge:
350 dry tons/day
(~8.4 MGD of slurry)
Secondary sludge:
100 dry tons/day
(~2.4 MGD of slurry)
Sludge Management: generally~50% of operational budget
Can we turn this around?
• Biosolids contain a relatively low amount of biodegradable carbon but high amount of nutrients.
• Food processing and food service waste are rich in biodegradable carbon but contain low level of nutrients.
• Co-digestion of food processing and food service waste with biosolids has the potential to increase biogas production without the routine addition of amendments.
1.Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock Development
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/fabe-6611
1. Anaerobic Digestion
Feedstock Development
Michigan Biomass Inventory
(http://mibiomass.rsgis.msu.edu/)
Estimation of Theoretical Energy Potential
ADDIT (Anaerobic Digestion Development Iterative Tool)
(https://www.egr.msu.edu/~steves/Renewable%20Energy.html)
1.Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock Development
1.Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock Development
Sources Considered• School• Food Processors• Hospitals• Wastewater treatment
Distant from Detroit Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility• 2 miles• 5 miles• 10 miles
Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Assay
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
• Identify most suitable feedstock source for co-digestion • Synergistic v. antagonistic effects
• Toxicity
• Pretreatment
• Respirometry• Batch assays at mesophilic condition
• Continuous recording of biogas yield
• Intermittent sampling for biogas
analysis
• Methane
• Carbon dioxide• Hydrogen sulfide Respirometer
Identify the optimum blend of
primary/secondary biosolids
Identify the most suitable
feedstock for co-digestion
Evaluate maximum amount of
feedstock to be co-digested
Evaluate pre-treatment methods
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
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ate
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SeedPrimary BiosolidsSecondary Biosolids4:1 Primary: Secondary Biosolids2:1 Primary: Secondary Biosolids
Biogas Production Rate
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Biosolid’s Blend
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Cumulative Biogas Production
Co-Digestion with Food Waste
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Delhi Township, MI
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Select Wastes for Co-Digestion
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Seed, Biosolids, Vegetable Waste - High
Seed, Biosolids, Sausage Waste
Co-Digestion with Food Processing
Biogas Production Rate Cumulative Biogas Production
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Waste Management CORe®: advanced organics recycling process that turns food
waste into EBS®, an engineered bioslurry for co-
digestion with biosolids to enhance energy production.
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
https://www.biocycle.net/los-angeles-county-wrrf-embraces-codigestion/
Co-Digestion with EBS®, an Engineered Bioslurry From Processed Food Waste
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Cumulative Biogas Production
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Biogas Production Rate
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Seed, biosolids, 50% EBS
Note: % of biosolids, by volume (50% ~ equal VS from biosolids and EBS)
Co-Digestion with EBS®, an Engineered Bioslurry From Processed Food Waste
R² = 0.96
R² = 0.96
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Norm
aliz
ed B
iogas a
nd M
eth
ane Y
ield
(m
L)
EBS®
Added (%) volume
Methane Biogas Linear (Methane) Linear (Biogas)
Normalized Biogas and Methane Yield with Different Blends of Biosolids/EBS®
Co-Digestion with EBS®, an Engineered Bioslurry From Processed Food Waste
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
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VegetableProcessing
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EBS New York EBS Boston MSU Dining Hall
Additiv
e A
nticip
ate
d a
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ctu
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alu
es
(mL/m
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f V
S)
Anticipated Value Actual value
Additive Anticipated and Actual Observed Biogas Values
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Co-Digestion with EBS®, an Engineered Bioslurry From Processed Food Waste
Thermal Hydrolysis
• Reactor: hydrothermal Autoclave Reactor (HappybuyAutoclave Reactor) with PTFE Lined Vessel
• Operation: placed in oven at 165°C for one hour
• Pressure: ~7 bar
Evaluation of Pre-treatment Techniques
Sonication
• Unit: Qsonica Sonicaotrs (Newton, CT) Q700,
20kHz, 700 watt programmable sonicator
• Energy input: 1,500 KJ/kg of total solids
• Operation: 50% power, with 2 s on and 2 s offhttps://www.sonicator.com/collections/sonicators
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B06Y2F8B4T/ref=crt_ew
c_title_huc_1?ie=UTF8&psc=1&smid=A2PUPCXWYUD751
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
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orm
aliz
ed M
eth
an Y
ield
per
mg o
f in
itia
l C
OD
(m
L/m
g)
Normalized Methane Yield per mg of Initial COD
Evaluation of Pre-treatment Techniques
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
Height: 46 inches; Internal Diameter: 30 inches; Volume: 141 gallons
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a Pilot-Scale
Anaerobic Digester
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a Pilot-Scale
Anaerobic Digester
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a Pilot-Scale
Anaerobic Digester
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a Pilot-Scale
Anaerobic Digester
EBS®: % of the total g VS
CH4 without EBS: 0.30 ± 0.06 LCH4 /gVSadded
CH4 with EBS: 0.48 ± 0.08 LCH4/gVSadded
4. Anaerobic Digestion Pilot-Scale Evaluations
• BMP assays were used to screen feedstocks, optimize biosolids/feedstock ratios, and test pre-treatment options.
• Co-digestion of the biosolids at the Detroit Wastewater Resource Recovery Facility is synergistic, with the potential to significantly increase biogas production.
• Thermal and sonication pre-treatments did not improve total biogas production or biogas production rate.
• Tested enzymes were not economically feasible.
• Anaerobic digestion of the co-digestion of biosolids with food waste was verified in the pilot-scale digesters.
• Up to 50% (by VS) of the EBS® was successfully co-digested with biosolids.
• Hydrogen sulfide was not found to be an issue – always remained below 100 ppm.
• Techno-Economic Evaluation needs to be conducted to determine practical feasibility.
1 – 4. Anaerobic Digestion Conclusions
Objectives
Estimate the biogas, bio-oil and biochar potential from Pyrolysis
5. Pyrolysis Laboratory Screening
Activities
• Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to
Determine Best Temperature
• Analytical Pyrolysis to Determine Byproducts -
GC/MS
• Bench-Scale Pyrolysis for Complete Estimation
of Biogas, Bio-oil, Biochar Composition
• Elemental Analysis
• Energy Balance
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Mass (
%)
Temperature (°C)
Primary Biosolids Secondary Biosolids Dried Biosolids
TGA
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Mass lo
ss (
mg °
C-1
mg
-1)
Temperature (°C)
Primary Biosolids Secondary Biosolids Dried Biosolids
Derivative Thermogravimetric Curve
5. Pyrolysis Laboratory Screening
Analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS
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Ab
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Pyrogram for Dried Biosolids Pallets
5. Pyrolysis Laboratory Screening
Specific Activities1. Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock
Development
2. Anaerobic Digestion Laboratory Screening
3. Design, Construction, and Installation of a
Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Digester
4. Anaerobic Digestion Pilot-Scale Evaluations
5. Pyrolysis Laboratory Screening
6. Process Energy Estimations
https://www.jbei.org/research/life-cycle-economics-agronomy/life-cycle-technoeconomic-analysis/
Conclusions• Anerobic digestion with co-
feedstocks is technically feasible.
• Preliminary pyrolysis experiments indicate technical feasibility.
• Energy balances are in progress.
• Techno-economic analyses will determine financial feasibility.
• Results will inform the GLWA’s biosolid’s master plan.
Funding: Great Lakes Water Authority
GLWA Support
• Sarah Watkins & WRRF Laboratory
• WRRF Maintenance team
• WRRF Operations & Engineering
Waste Management
• Daniel Hagen
• Robert Hickey
• Konrad Nowakowski
• Kurt Yockel
MSU
• Younsuk Dong
• Phil Hill
• Lauren Kaltz
• Steve Marquie
• Thiramet Sothiyapapi
• Mathew Whoihan
• Zhong Yu Zhang
• Corinne Zeeff
Acknowledgement
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