ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES HYDROELECTRIC, WIND

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES HYDROELECTRIC, WIND, GEOTHERMAL, TIDAL, SOLAR WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION total equivalent to 18.4 x 1012 W continuous (2012) World Elec. 2.5 x 1012 W continuous (2012)

USA electrical energy use 2016: 0.466 x 1012 W cont. 0.79 x1012 peak demand on 7/06 = 1.4 kW ea. = 466 1000-MWe (1 GW) power plants

GLOBAL RENEWABLE SUPPLIES

Solar 174,000 x 1012 W Hydrologic Potential 2.9 x 1012 W Photosynthesis 40 x 1012 W

Conduction & Convection 31 x 1012 W

Tidal 3 x 1012 W

NAS

U.S. Electric Power Industry Net Generation, 2015

coal use decreasinggas & renewables up

ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCES 2015

Data from EIA

COAL 0.1%

NUC 12.5%

GAS 5.5%HYDRO

1.9%

MISSOURI CALIFORNIA

REN 1.9%

HYDRO 7.0%

RENEWABLE 17.9%

GAS 59 %

NUCLEAR 9.4%

GEO-THERMAL 6.0 %COAL

78%

Prop C: Missouri's Renewable Energy Standard (2008) 15% renewable by 2021; Solar rebates for rooftop systems 170,000 signatures were needed to get this measure on the ballot

May 2008 Missouri HB 1181 Exempt utilities, in case prop C passes

Nov 2008 Prop C passed: got 66% of vote > 1.7 Million votes

Jan 2011 Missouri Senate to take up resolution to weaken 2008's Prop C StLPD 1/24/11

Feb 2015 Missouri Supreme Court Rules Against Utility in Solar Rebate Case

HYDROELECTRIC: 6% of USA Electrical Needs 17 % of Developing Countries Electrical Needs World Runoff Potential 2.9 x 1012 W ~ 1.2 x world elec. generation in 2012 >22% now developed (i.e., world hydroelec gen = 0.343 x 1012 MWe in 2005)

Hydroelectric turbines are 80-90% efficient cf. ~ 38% for fossil fuel; 30% for nuclear Mechanical energy- drives turbines which drive generators 20 tons of water falling 20 m produces 1 kwh = 3,600,000 J E = mgh*(eff) = (20000 kg)(9.8 m/sec2)(20 m)(.9eff) = 3.6 x 106 J e.g. Hyatt Facility, Feather R., 650 MWe

http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/theory.html

Hydroelectric Plant

Hoover Dam 726’ 2080 MW capacity ~460 MW avg

US Bureau of Reclamation

Keokuk Dam IA built 1913 125 MW capacity Criss

Folsom CA Hydroelectric Plant 1895 1st long distance transmission 11,000V Criss

Grand Coulee Dam, WA 6480 MW USBR

TurbineGrand Coulee Dam

USBR

Irregular distribution of Hydro Potential:

North America Low potential (11%) Now 42% exploited (50,000 dams! but most lack generators) PG&E: ~ 100 dams Hydropower provides 7 (drought) to 27% (wet yr) of California’s electricity Produces up to > 39% of power @ peak load

South America & Africa Rich potential (48% of world total) Largely undeveloped Fossil fuel poor region

Problems: Flood much bottom land Damage fisheries Silting up- Great Aswan Dam (1960 => est 2025 half filled) Catastrophic dam failure- e.g., Teton Dam; San Fernando Dam (close call!) Hydropower: The most environmentally destructive form of energy generation?

Damage is greatly variable, depends on site

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001336.html

ThreeGorges22.5 GW

ITAIPU 12,600 MW 26% Brazil, 79% Paraguay power

http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/types.html

Wikipedia:

7660’ x 594’ hi 630 km2 inundated

Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River, China 22,500 MW in 2012 World’s Largest

http://www.moafs.org/newsletter/April%202002/3gorgestats.htm

Reservoir Level

Three Gorges Dam inundation zone: Wanxian 22,500 MW 181 m Yangtze R. 1.13 M migrants

Badong, ChinaJune 2013

Criss

Abu SimbelRamesses II ~1250 BC

http://www.omniplan.hu/AbuSimbelHu.htm

Abu Simbel UNESCO Project Ramesses II ~1250 BC Planned to be inundated by Lake Nasser, behind Aswan High Dam Relocation 1964-1968 funded by international donations

http://www.omniplan.hu/AbuSimbelHu.htm

Pumped Storage Plants Pump water back uphill @ nite Produce electricity when needed during peak demand periods

75% efficient 3% of USA power Examples

Helms Plant, Kings River, CA >1500' vertical drop (tunnels) 1200 MWe

Taum Sauk, Missouri (Proffit Mtn.) 800’ drop 1594’ - 740’ ~ 800’ drop 350 MW @ peak

Taum Sauk Pump Storage Plant

Upper Reservoir, Proffit Mtn. http://www.ahydro.com/TaumSauk.html

Pumped Storage Plant, Taum Sauk, MO Criss

Dam Failure Site Dec. 14, 2005Upper Reservoir, Taum Sauk Pump Storage Plant St. Louis Post Dispatch

St. Louis Post DispatchHelicopter on Hwy N near Lesterville Dec. 14, 2005

St. Louis Post DispatchSuperintendent’s House, Johnson’s Shut-Ins S.P. Dec. 14, 2005

St. Louis Post Dispatch

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

Advantages Renewable Cost Effective Useful amounts of power Can be used in many regions Easy to vary power on demand Flood control, water supply benefits, navigation if have lock

Disdvantages Habitat destruction Fish & Wildlife Decline migration; turbine fatalities; destroy spawning grounds Displace people Destroy prime agricultural land & fisheries Reservoir siltation Water pollution- esp. China Loss of Archaeological Sites- esp. Egypt, China Commonly impedes navigation Landslides Potential for catastrophic failure

Future: Increased use in developing world Decreased hydroelectric use & dam decommissioning in USA

http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html

Teton Dam failure, ID June 5, 1976305 ft high earth fill

http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html

http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/sylvester/Teton%20Dam/welcome_dam.html

WIND ENERGY

Sailing Ships maybe will have comeback

Windmills Grind grain; saw wood, since 13th century in Holland Pump water

Generate electricity- 1895 In 2006, 2700 & 2400 MW in TX and CA >25,000 turbines produce ~ 6% of CA's needs Each turbine produces ~100 kW = PVUSA!

Altamont Pass 7500 turbines 16-28 mph wind May-Sept, then shutdown Tehachapi Palm Springs Texas (10%) Iowa (32% of elec) MN WA OK NY NM MO: 1%

Problems Run only 35-60% of time Noise Radar Kill Birds (Tip velocities >100 MPH) Windfarms use much land, but grazing and Ag activities OK

IA 31% KS 24% NE 8% OK 18% IL 6% Missouri: 1%

Windmill Aug 2000 Criss

Gansu Wind Farm, northern China $17.5 billion 20,000 MW by 2020 NYT 1/12/15

Palm Springs

NREL DOE

Altamont Pass, CA DOE

Craig et al

NREL

http://www.energy.gov/pricestrends/5091.htm

% Elec. Generation US 0.8% *34,800 MWe 2009 Germany 7% Denmark 21%

*

40,267 MWe

DOE/EIA

DOE/EIA

65,879 MWe Rapid Growth!

WIND POWER

Advantages Renewable No pollution Useful locally Disdvantages Diffuse- requires much land Not useful everywhere Intermittent power supply Expensive to build and maintain Birds Radar Interference Noise Future: Greatly increased use associated with cost reduction Large Ships?

1875

Library of Congress

Daily Mail (UK) 9/8/12

Wind Farm Noise- A Major Health Threat?

Low Frequency Noise (LFN) and amplitude modulation

Stress-disorder diseases:dizziness; balance problems; memory loss; inability to concentrate; insomnia; tachycardia; increased blood pressure; raised cortisol levels; headaches; nausea; mood swings; anxiety; tinnitus; palpitations; depression

Are wind farms saving or killing us?

Offshore Wind Turbines Blyth Harbour, Northumberland. 2 MW each Also: London Array- 1000 MW Denmark Atlantic Offshore: Cape Cod VA

http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm

OCEAN POWER Mostly speculative Much power theoretically available

Types

Offshore Wind Power

Gulf Stream Mechanical Energy Tap with huge turbines

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Exploit the vertical temperature gradient

Wave Power TIDAL POWER

Offshore Wind Turbines Blyth Harbour, Northumberland. 2 MW each Also: London Array- 1000 MW Denmark Atlantic Offshore: Cape Cod VA

http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm

MCT Marine Current Turbine Concept http://www.marineturbines.com/technical.htm

500 kW ‘Limpet’ wave energy plant, 2001 Scottish island of Islay

http://www.open.ac.uk/T206/4longtour.htm

OCEAN POWER

Advantages Renewable No pollution Disdvantages Expensive Offshore Wind: Noise, Aesthetics, Birds, Radar, Ship Collisions Future: Rapid development of offshore wind farms Increased use of other types ?