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14th Flight Safety Conference
15-18 October 2007
Airspeed Discrepancy
Presented by
Hélène RebelHead of A330/A340 Operational StandardsFlight Operations Support
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Foreword
• 2002: Just after takeoff on an A340-300, the following sequence of events occurred:
VFE OVERSPEED warning during climb associated with buffet, but with the Captain and First Officer airspeed indications below VFE.
VMO OVERSPEED warning with the Captain and First Officer airspeed indications below VMO.
ALTN LAW
ADR1 + ADR2 FAULT
• Erroneous speed led to unlimited rudder deflection
• Uneventful landing – Fin and rudder changed after the flight
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Foreword
• 2006: During descent on an A310, the following sequence of events occurred:
Sudden speed decrease associated with thrust increase and pitch attitude decrease.
VMO OVERSPEED warning with the Captain airspeed indication below VMO, but with the First Officer airspeed indication above VMO.
Significant nose down rate of descent, up to – 12 000 ft/min and speed increase up to 131 knots above VMO.
Speed indication eventually back to normal on Captain’s side - Uneventful landing
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Unreliable Speed
• Difficult to:Rapidly identify the situationFly the aircraft
• Generally however, not a permanent situation:It is transient, orIt can be stopped via use of an appropriate drill
Foreword
Good knowledge of the symptoms is important for: Early detection, Taking appropriate decision
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
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• Detecting an Unreliable Airspeed presents some traps:
All indications may be consistent but equally unreliable,
Indications may differ => potential difficulties to determine the correct value.
• Important contributors to a timely detection:Instrument scanning,Flight crew awareness of typical characteristics of
speed / pitch / thrust
Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
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Speedrelatedcues
Autothrust orAutopilotrelatedcues
Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• No single set of cues can be defined, but the following observations are an obvious attention getter:
Altituderelatedcues
Warning /Systemrelatedcues
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Speed indication– Increasing with large nose-up pitch attitude,
– Decreasing with large nose-down pitch attitude.
Speed related cues
Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
Unusual “CAPT - F/O” or “IAS - target speed” differences
Unusual speed / aerodynamic noise relationship
Abnormal large speed fluctuations
CAPT F/O
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Abnormal A/THR or AP/FD behavior, when in SPD mode.
Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
Autothrust / Autopilot related cues
Altitude related cues
Inconsistency between radio altitude and pressure altitude
Constant indicated altitude while in climb or descent
Positive or negative V/S while in level flight
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Simultaneous activation of overspeed warning and stall warning / stick shaker.
Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
Warning / System related cues
Unexpected stall warning (and stick shaker activation on A300/A310)
Unexpected and undue overspeed warning or ADR DISAGREE caution (Fly-by-wire aircraft)
Unexpected IAS DISCREPANCY caution (optional)
Unexpected system behavior:FLAP RELIEF message on the ECAM (A330/A340)Automatic flap retractionSlat Speed Lock FunctionNon-extension of the L/G via normal control
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
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Recommendations
• The Unreliable Speed procedure concept includes:
Cues for recognition of the Unreliable Airspeed condition (expanded information in FCOM procedure),
Memory items (pitch/thrust data) for short term flight path control,
QRH action steps and fine pitch/thrust data tables for long term flight path control, down to landing.
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Recommendations
When an unreliable speed situation is suspected/detected:SAFE CONDUCT OF THE FLIGHT NOT AFFECTED
Crosscheck of Captain PFD, First Officer PFD and Standby
speed/altitude indicator
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Recommendations
When an unreliable speed situation is suspected/detected:
SAFE CONDUCT OF THE FLIGHT
AFFECTED
Memory Items
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Recommendations
General procedure philosophy
Memory Items
Stabilization and troubleshooting
Faulty ADR(s) identified
Faulty ADR(s)…… OFF
Flight Continuation, Diversion or Immediate turn back
Faulty ADR(s) not identified or
All ADRs unreliable
2 ADRs…… OFF(only for fly-by-wire)
Pitch/Thrust Tables
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
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Backup Speed Scale
• When the crew select all ADRs OFF:The Backup Speed Scale replaces
the PFD speed scale on both PFDs.
GPS Altitude replaces the Altitude Scale on both PFDs.
• Enables flying at a safe speed:Above stall speed,Below maximum structural speeds.
• Allows to reach a safe speed, by adjusting thrust and pitch.
What is the Backup Speed Scale?
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Backup Speed Scale
• The BackUp Speed Scale (BUSS) will be offered:As an option on A320 and A330/A340 aircraft familiesAs a basic item on A380 aircraft
• It will be activated following ECAM procedure or paper procedure, when ADR 1+2+3 are selected OFF
• The new idea: If the crew detects an Unreliable Speed situation
Use of the BUSS instead of Thrust/Pitch tables
When the Backup Speed Scale can be used?
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Backup Speed Scale
General philosophy
Memory Items
Troubleshooting
Faulty ADR(s) identified
Faulty ADR(s) not identified or
All ADRs unreliable
ADR 1+2+3…… OFF
Flight Continuation, Diversion or Immediate turn back
Faulty ADR(s)…… OFF
““FLY THE GREEN”FLY THE GREEN”
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
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Increase Flight Crew Awareness
• To help the airline in training, Airbus
Has provided several presentations during:
– Operational Liaison Meetings
– Performance and Operations conferences
Develops training aids:
– Specific Briefing Guide in the DVD 1 (FFS 7)
– PDP (Procedure Data Package) presentation on MFTD
– Flight Crew Training Manual ref. 03-34
– New tool: E-briefing available on Airbus World
Communicates:– During previous Flight Safety conferences– Via Safety First magazine
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Increase Flight Crew Awareness
The aim of these presentations/tools is to enhance the pilots’ awareness and provides some cues/information:
To ensure correct application of the procedure by
– Ensuring proper understanding the procedure structure
– Avoiding any mistake when isolating the faulty ADR
– Describing the flying technique
To facilitate the detection of the anomaly
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Contents
• Early detection: Symptoms and Cues
• Taking appropriate decision: Recommendations
• BackUp Speed Scale
• Increase Flight Crew Awareness
• Conclusion
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• Rapid detection of Unreliable Speed is essential
Conclusion
• Thanks to the procedure proposed by Airbus, Unreliable Speed could be a temporary situation:
It is important to apply the QRH procedure, in order to identify the faulty ADR,
Normal flight is recovered, once the faulty ADR(s) switched off.
• In the meantime, fly pitch/thrust memory items when needed.
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Conclusion
Be aware of the symptoms
Consider what could be wrong
Apply the procedure
To improve situation awareness and procedure understanding
TRAINING IS A KEY ELEMENT TRAINING IS A KEY ELEMENT
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