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AIRAH ( NSW ) presentationAIRAH ( NSW ) presentationTo efficiency and beyond
COP=7
COP 6(6.50)(>7.0)Chiller COP trend
COP=6
COP=5
COP=4
1970 1980 1990 2000 20101970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Recent gains through cycle efficiency
Since 1980, average chiller efficiency has improved over 35%, despite using less efficient refrigerants.
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• Significant gains in full load efficiency through advances in g g y gheat exchanger, compressor, motor, and cycle efficiencies.
• The biggest single gain however has been in part load efficiency with the adoption of the variable speed drive.
MotorRectifier InverterDCL
Supply
L1
L2
L3
M3
U1
V1
WC U
V1 V3 V5
V4 V6 V2
Monitoring ControlControl electronics
Control, monitor, and communication
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Over 30 years of VSD technology development for chillers
( )Generation 5 (2010s)
Generation 4 (2000s)
Generation 3 (1990s)
Generation 2 (1986)
Si ifi i i iGeneration 1 (1979)
Significant innovation in VSD technology since 1979
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Real World Energy Performance99% of the timeCapitalizing on ‘off‐design’ conditions –99% of the time
LoweringLowering Condenser Water Condenser Water TemperatureTemperaturePressure
Lowers the LiftLowers the Lift
C
Condenser
Lift E i
Reduces Compressor WorkReduces Compressor WorkEvaporator
CompressorLift Expansion
Enthalpy
Reduces Energy Reduces Energy ConsumptionConsumption
Direct Indirect
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Variable Speed Drives save energy and reduce noise
Constant Speed
Variable Speed
5Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Variable Speed DrivesLow Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSDLow Voltage Liquid Cooled Unit Mounted VSD
YMC²Magnetic VSD Centrifugal
YVAAl d CentrifugalVSD Screw air cooled
415VYK
Open VSD Centrifugal
YVWAVSD Screw water cooled
6Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Variable Speed DrivesMedium Voltage (MV) VSDMedium Voltage (MV) VSD
3.3 kV & 6.6 kV
YKVSD Open Centrifugal
YK ‐EPVSD Open Centrifugal
11 kV
with Economizer
7Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
The Purpose of Variable Speed Drives
Starts & stops the motor
Significantly reduces inrush current to < than full load ampsSignificantly reduces inrush current to < than full load amps
Corrects power factor close to unity
Reduces utility demand charge
Regulates compressor speed to provide the most efficient g p p pchiller operation, reducing part load energy consumption
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Low inrush current with VSD < 100% FLA
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Superior power factorp p
0.98 power factor VSD with active IEEE electronic filter0.95 power factor (std VSD)
power factor non VSD (fixed speed)
10Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
100 KW
PF = 0.86
actual work
Consumed energy to59 KVAR
116 KVA
Consumed energy to generate magnetic fieldtotal energy
provided from supply
100 KW actual work
33 KVAR105 KVA
PF = 0.95total energy provided from supply
Consumed energy to generate magnetic field
100 KW20 KVAR
102 KVAPF = 0.98total energy
provided f l
Consumed energy to generate magnetic field
actual work
0from supply
11
what power factor meansJohnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
C i t AHRI d ‘ li f’
Why VSD ? ‐ Comparative Energy Performance
VSDVSD
Comparison at AHRI condenser ‘relief’
No VSDNo VSD% Load ECWT100 29.5
%SAVED‐1.0
COP6.17
COP6.11
LWT6.7
90 27.280 25.070 22 8
2.28.716 2
6.737.147 42
6.897.828 86
6.76.76 770 22.8
60 20.650 18.3
16.225.933.0
7.427.597.65
8.8610.2411.42
6.76.76.7
40 18.3 30 18.3
36.438.5
7.116.36
11.1710.34
6.76.76.7
20 18.3 15 18.3
44.145.0
5.174.41
9.268.01
6.76.7
Significant savings ….and with more possibleJohnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Unit Mounted Low l S lid S SVoltage Solid State Starter
Unit Mounted LowUnit Mounted Low Voltage Variable Speed
Drive Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
BIN WEATHER DATA – SYDNEY AUSTRALIA
temperature bin canberra melbourne adelaide perth sydney brisbane cairnsdeg F deg C HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB HRS WB105-109 40.6- 42.8 6 21.7100 104 37 8 40 1 20 1 21 7 27 21 1 2 22 2 4 22 2 3 23 3 3 25100-104 37.8- 40 1 20 1 21.7 27 21.1 2 22.2 4 22.2 3 23.3 3 2595-99 35- 37.2 17 19.4 12 21.1 55 20 17 21.1 6 21.1 15 22.2 14 25.690-94 32.2- 34.4 50 18.9 22 20.6 116 19.4 42 21.1 18 20.6 131 23.3 94 25.685-89 29.4- 31.7 112 17.8 50 20 215 18.3 14 20.6 40 21.1 643 21.7 781 2580 84 26 7 28 9 193 17 2 96 18 9 313 17 8 37 21 1 158 20 6 1374 20 6 1620 23 380-84 26.7-28.9 193 17.2 96 18.9 313 17.8 37 21.1 158 20.6 1374 20.6 1620 23.375-79 23.9- 26.1 332 16.1 160 18.3 477 16.7 151 20.6 618 20.1 1744 18.9 2513 22.270-74 21.1-23.3 480 15.6 276 17.2 696 15.6 612 20.1 1493 18.3 1814 16.7 1984 20.165-69 18.3- 20.6 725 14.4 485 16.7 1013 14.4 1478 18.3 1975 16.1 1307 14.4 1163 17.860-64 15.6- 17.8 1096 13.3 958 15.1 1495 12.8 1966 16.1 1772 13.9 913 12.2 344 15.655-59 12.8- 15 1316 11.1 1650 13.3 1852 11.1 1764 13.9 1383 11.1 484 9.4 107 12.850-54 10- 12.2 1307 8.9 1938 11.1 1522 9.4 1384 11.1 852 8.9 223 7.2 23 10.145-49 7.2- 9.4 1160 6.7 1776 8.9 702 7.8 853 8.9 397 6.7 65 5.1 2 7.840-44 4.4-6.7 859 4.4 930 7.2 218 5.6 396 6.7 38 5.1 11 2.835-39 1.7- 3.9 547 2.2 277 5.1 38 2.8 38 5.1 1 1.1 0.630-34 (1.1) - 1.1 307 0.1 50 2.8 1 0.6 125-29 (3.9)-(1.7) 137 -2.8 420-24 (6.7)-(4.4) 27 -5.1 0.615-19 (9.4)-(7.2) 1 -7.2 26% annual operating hours > 16.1 C wb (AHRI )
60% annual operating hours = 16.1 C ‐ 11.1 C wbIntegrated economizer mode
14% annual operating hours <11.1 C wbJohnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Chiller58% Chiller
33%Fans43%43%
Tower5%
Fans24%
Pumps13%
Pumps22%
Tower2%
Design Performance Annual Energy Usage
A historical focus on chiller full load efficiency [COP/EER]Increased focus today on‐1 Chiller part load efficiency [IPLV]1. Chiller part load efficiency [IPLV]2. Reduction of air and water ‘transport’ energy
“System” level optimization
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y p
Variable primary flowVariable primary flow Energy based staging
Large delta TSeries chillersSeries counter‐flowSeries counter flow
Chiller Plant Optimization
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Chiller COP=16.9 !Metasys screenshot of YK VSD chiller installed on jobsite
17Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Cooling load 516 kWrMetasys screenshot of tower at same chiller load
Total fan energy 3.8 kWJohnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
8.6An instantaneous delivered plant COP of 8.6 !!
Chiller Input 30 kWChw Pumps 8 5 kWChw Pumps 8.5 kWCondenser Pump 18 kWTower Fans 3.8 kWPlant COP = 516/ 60 3 = 8 6Plant COP = 516/ 60.3 = 8.6
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Efficiency breakthrough – low lift magnetic VSD chillers
+ 8% COP+ 8% COP+ 13% IPLV
20Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
Air-Cooled Variable Speed Screw ChillerYVAA Series % load Ambient COP
YVAA 0345EXV50 (1175 kWr)
1009080
35.031.728.3
3.23.64.280
706050
28.325.021.718.3
4.24.85.46.3
403020
15.012.812.8
7.69.37.6
YVAA Key Technology Elementsy gy
Hybrid Falling Variable Speed Variable Speed Micro‐channel Variable Speed Film Evaporator Drive Screw Compressor Condenser Coils Fans
VSD technology offers huge efficiency i ith i l d hill
Johnson Controls ‐ Proprietary & Confidential
gains with air cooled chillers
To efficiency and beyondTo efficiency and beyond
High EfficiencyVSD chillers
Design to minimize‘transport’ energy
System level control optimization
22
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