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Air Pollutant Measurements AloftFlight Review
Robert A. Baxter, CCM
T&B Systems, Inc.
Kevin Durkee, Project Manager
SCAQMD
Chris Nelson
SCAQMD
March 26, 2009
Overview• Overview of the measurements -- Bob
– Measurements to date
– Changes along the way
– Measurement issues
– Individual flight review
– Changes in flight strategy
• Measurement goals – Kevin
– Original goals and strategy
– Recommended changes/focus of goals
– Data availability
• Graphic Displays – Chris
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Aircraft
– Ozone
– Temperature
– Optical PM2.5
– GPS Position
– Carbonyl
– Summa canister
• VOC and Sulfur compounds
• Ozonesonde
– Winds
– Temperature, RH
– Ozone
Measurements to date
• Flight 1 - November 14, 2008 -- Initial test flight
– Evaluate flight times
– Evaluate carbonyl sample collection times
• Flight 2 - January 8, 2009
– Test new carbonyl flow rates
– Implement sampling times
• Flight 3 - February 1, 2009
• Flight 4 - March 10, 2009
– Change ozonesonde to just rawinsonde with 2/day
– Increase the flight duration with extended soundings to higher altitudes
Original Flight Plan
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Flight 1- November 14, 2008
Flight 1- November 14, 2008
Ozone
Flight 1- November 14, 2008
PM2.5
Flight 1- November 14, 2008
Flight 1- November 14, 2008
What was learned?
• Carbonyl sample breakthrough at 5 l/m
– Need lower flow rate
– Need longer sample times
• Desired lower detection and reporting limits for VOC
– Requires a pre-analysis of the canisters for canister background
• Comments on the sulfur detection limits?
• Redesigned the flight plan
Refined Flight Plan
Refined Flight Plan
Flight 2 – January 8, 2009
Flight 2 – January 8, 2009
Flight 2 – January 8, 2009
Flight 2 – January 8, 2009
What was learned?
• Problems identified with the radiosonde system preamplifier
• Some questions raised on what levels to fly when conditions define the need to fly above the mixed layer
Flight 3 – February 1, 2009
Flight 3 – February 1, 2009
Flight 3 – February 1, 2009
What was learned?
• Problems resolved with the rawinsonde system preamplifier, but issues with the ozone inlet after launch
• Suggest a modified plan with higher aircraft soundings, no ozone sondes and two rawinsondes (beginning and end)
• Again, some questions raised on what levels to fly when conditions define the need to fly above the mixed layer
Flight 4 – March 10, 2009
• Clear conditions for lower flying over water
• Earlier start time due to Pacific Missile Test Range activities
• Implemented the higher beginning and ending soundings resulting in a longer flight
Flight 4 – March 10, 2009Flight 03/10/09
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10
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60
70
07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45 09:00 09:15 09:30 09:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45
Time (PST)
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500
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3500Temperature (C) Ozone (ppb) PM2.5 (ug/m3) Altitude (m MSL)Ozone, temperature, PM2.5 Altitude (m msl)
Flight 4 – March 10, 2009
What was learned?
• Modified plan with higher aircraft soundings worked well to obtain the beginning and ending ozone and temperature profiles
• One issue with the temperature on the first rawinsonde launch appearing about 5° C high. This was not present on the ending launch. Winds looked good from both with a layer of northeast winds aloft.
Key Issues
• Detection and reporting limit questions and the cost-effectiveness of the canister pre-analysis
• Flight altitude variations when stratus is present
• Observations of low level PM increase associated with ozone decrease – chlorine from salt spray?
• Review of offshore soundings to evaluate the focus of flight altitudes
• Cost and differences in weekend Saturday versus Sunday flights
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