AFRICA PRE- QUIZ. SOUTH AFRICA (1910) SOUTH AFRICAN TIMELINE Put the following in order and write a...

AFRICA

PRE-QUIZ

SOUTH AFRICA

(1910)

SOUTH AFRICAN TIMELINE

• Put the following in order and write a 1-2 line summary of each

a. Creation of the Union of South Africab. Establishment of first Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hopec. British ships land at the Cape and annex the Dutch colonyd. Mandela is elected President of South Africae. The Battle of Blood Riverf. The Mine and Works Actg. Election the National Party

About how many people live in the world? Live in Africa?

What is the highest mountain in Africa?

What is the longest river in Africa and how long is it?

Africa is usually broken up into ____ geographical regions.

In terms of area, Africa is the largest continent. (T/F)

The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world and is located primarily in central/southern Africa. (T/F)

What is the largest lake in Africa?

AFRICA

GEOGRAPHY

• 2nd largest continent (behind Asia)

• 3 times larger than the United States

• Contains a plethora of geographic features & wildlife

• population = 1,030,500,000 (2012 estimate); about 14% of the world’s population

5 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

NORTH AFRICA

• Features: Thin coastal plain & inland desert (Sahara)

• Location: Borders the Mediterranean Sea

• Coastal N.A. – mild temperature and frequent rainfall

REGIONS cont.

EAST AFRICA

• Sahel – great plateau w/ moderate rainfall and large savannas (treeless plains)

• Savannas south of the Sahara constitute about 40% of Africa’s land

• Great Rift Valley – 40 m. wide; 2,000 ft. deep; 3,000 m. long (Red Sea to S. Africa)

• Mts. – Kenya and Kilimanjaro

REGIONS cont.

WEST AFRICA

• narrow coastal plain

• Rivers – Niger and Zaire (Congo)

• Few natural harbors and limited river travel isolated early civilizations in this area (made conquest by foreigners difficult as well)

REGIONS cont.

CENTRAL AFRICA

• Tropical forests so thick sunlight does not reach the floor

• Climate is hot & humid but turns into desert in the south/central Africa

REGIONS cont.

SOUTH AFRICA

• Far south has cool, fertile highlands

Deserts

• Sahara and the Kalahari make up about 1/3 of Africa’s land

• Sahara mostly wasteland of rocks and pebbles• About 90 inhabited oases in Sahara

Dry Grasslands

• Semiarid climate: less than 20 inches of rainfall per year

• Nomads live here with herds– Suitable for grazing, but not for farming

RIFT VALLEYS

• Earth’s crust pulls apart

• Block of crust sinks

GREAT RIFT VALLEY

• 4,000 miles long

• The Great Rift Valley is rich in minerals and metals

• Good soil for farming

• Largest lakes in Africa are along the Great Rift Valley

GRV

HIGHLANDS

• The most fertile land in Africa• Found mostly in the southern region

TROPICAL FORESTS

• Constant Rainfall

• Heavy vegetation

• Mostly in the central regions, along the equator

Savanna

• Grassy plains that cover 2/5 of the continent• Difficult for farming, but has always supported

the most life

AFRICA’S

MAJOR LAND - FORMS

SAHARA• Largest desert in the

world (N. Africa)

• 3”- 5” of rain or less per year (some areas go years without rain)

• Temperatures get as high as 130 and as low as freezing

NILE RIVER

• Northeast Africa

• Longest river in the world (about 4,000 miles long)

• Source - Lake Victoria

• Mouth – Mediterranean Sea

LAKE VICTORIA

• Largest African lake

• Source of the Nile River

• Many isles and prehistoric remains

MT. KILIMANJARO

• Highest African mountain (19,340 ft)

• Located in Tanzania

SERENGETI NAT’L PARK

EMERGING CIVILIZATIONS

KUSH1. When

2. Where

3. Source of power/wealth

4. Religion

5. Downfall

AXUM1. When

2. Where

3. Source of power/wealth

4. Religion

5.Downfall

EMERGING CIVILIZATIONS

KUSHWhen – emerge around 1000

b.c. and conquered Egypt in 750 b.c.

Where – EgyptSource of power/wealth –

tradeCharacteristics - wealthy,

urban, lot of tradeDownfall – taken over by Axum

in the A.D. 300s

AXUMWhen – take over the Kush in

the A.D. 300sWhere – modern day EthiopiaSource of power/wealth –

tradeCharacteristics – wealthy, lot of

trade, ChristianDownfall – overtaken by

Muslims by about the 15th century

TYPE 3

• Briefly describe Kushite civilization.

FCA #1 – state when they existed

FCA #2 – explain who founded this civilization

FCA #3 – describe three unique characteristics of this civilization

EARLY KINGDOMS POWERPOINT

TOPICS1. Nubia and Kush (pp. 238-239)

2. Axum and Rise of Islam (p.239)

3. Kingdom of Ghana (pp. 242-243)

4. Kingdom of Mali (p.244)

5. Kingdom of Songhai (p.245)

6. Bantu Speaking Africans(pp.247-248)

7. Societies in South Africa (249)

WHAT YOU NEED

• Where was this civilization? – describe its location• When did they exist (beginning and end) – may have

to read the next section to get downfall• What led to their power/wealth- trade (which

goods?), religious centers, army….• What led to their downfall – civil war, outside

invaders?...• What makes them unique (music, art, warfare,

religious centers, accomplishments…) – list at least 2

GUIDELINES FOR POWERPOINT

1. Title Slide a. Name of kingdom b. Picture related to kingdomc. Your namesd. Class period

2. Cover all 5 points relating to “what you need”- Each point gets one slide

3. Colored map showing the region of your topic- Can be on your title page, any slide, or the last slide by itself

- Email to Mr. Oswald by the end of class Tuesday

notes

1. Name of Kingdom2. Location3. Time Period4. Emergence5. Downfall6. Unique Characteristics

AFRICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

TOWNS• Began as fortified villages

and grew into larger communities

• Centers of gov’t and trade

• Home to skilled artisans and diverse markets

• Most of what we know comes from descriptions of travelers

KINGS AND SUBJECTS

• Gulf was not as great between ruler and ruled as in other areas (ruler would hold audiences)

• King was held in high regard

• Both sides tried to benefit (relationship with merchants)

FAMILY AND LINEAGE• Basic structure of society was the

extended family (parents, children, grandparents…)

• Extended families were combined into larger communities known as lineage groups

• Members of a LG could claim to be descendants of a real or legendary common ancestor

ROLE OF WOMEN• Usually subordinate to men

• Some valued for work they could do or children they could produce

• Often worked in fields (some merchants)

• Many societies are matrilineal – lineage is passed on through the mother, not the father

COMMUNITY AND EDUCATION• Different villages had different

methods of raising and educating children

• Congo – boys and girls were raised by mom until age 6. Learned language, family history, songs…

• After that they were separated, girls to the “house of women” and boys to the “house of men”

GIRLS

Taking care of the home

Working in the fields

How to be a good mother

How to be a good wife

BOYSHUNTING

fishing

Growing plants

Clearing fields for planting

SLAVERY

• Europeans started using African slaves on a large scale basis around 1500

• Slavery in Africa had actually been practiced for centuries before the Europeans arrived

• Berber groups in NA captured slaves from sub-Saharan Africa and sold them throughout the Mediterranean world

SLAVERY cont.

• Slaves included:– Prisoners of war– Debtors– Criminals

• They were not necessarily seen as inferior (major difference between slavery in the colonies)

• Some were respected for their skills and could win their freedom

ROLES OF SLAVES

working the land

soldiers

servants

TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE

Type 2

1. When did Europeans start using Africans as slaves?

2. How long is the Nile?3. What is the highest mountain in Africa?4. List 3 roles of slaves5. How was slavery in the colonies different

than most slavery throughout history?

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

EUROPE & AFRICA

• Little knowledge of Africa until the 1800s

• Early involvement was limited to the coasts and focused on trade (why didn’t they go inland?)

Africa? What’s that?

LIVINGSTONE & STANLEY• David Livingstone – explorer

who travelled throughout Africa for about 30 years in the mid-1800s

• Henry Stanley – reporter/explorer who went to look for him and found him in 1871

• This generated a LOT of excitement and interest in Europe about Africa

DAVID LIVINGSTONE

WHY WOULD EUROPEANS

“SCRAMBLE” FOR CONTROL OF

AFRICA?

REASONS EUROPE WOULD BE INTERESTED IN AFRICA

1. Control of waterways for trade and military benefits

2. Access to natural resources such as gold and timber

3. Prestige/Power4. Spread of Christianity5. Spread of European culture

PARTITION OF AFRICA

• 1885 – 14 European nations meet to partition (divide) Africa (Berlin Conference)

• 1914 –European nations controlled 90% of Africa

“Ask any man what nationality he would prefer to be and ninety-nine percent out of a hundred will tell you that they would probably prefer to be Englishmen.”

- Cecil Rhodes, British industrialist who helped colonize southern Africa

What is your first reaction to this quote?

FOLDABLE MAP DIRECTIONS1. Color in the map according to page

693 of the text

2. Label 4 sections as “West Africa”, “North Africa”, “Central Africa”, “East Africa”

3. For each section have:

a. European countries and the areas they controlled

ex. France controlled...

b. What Europeans wanted in that region (specific resources, canal………..)

1. West Africa- Great Britain, France, Germany

2. North Africa- Great Britain, Italy

3. Central Africa- Livingstone, Stanley, Belgium/King Leopold II

4. East Africa- Great Britain, Germany, Portugal, Belgium

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

WEST AFRICA• Great Britain annexed the

west coastal states

• France had areas such as modern-day Mauritania

• Germany controlled areas such as Cameroon

– They wanted peanuts, timber, hides, palm oil

NORTH AFRICA• Great Britain gained control

of Egypt – wanted control of the Suez Canal

• Italy failed to control Ethiopia but got Libya -wanted prestige, trade

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA• Livingston was a missionary

and explorer, opened peoples eyes to Africa – wanted to spread Christianity

• Stanley – sent to find Livingston – wanted to settle Africa

• Belgium/King Leopold II – controlled the Congo, wanted resources and wealth

EAST AFRICA• Germany controlled areas

such as modern-day Tanzania – wanted prestige, trade

• Great Britain controlled areas such as modern-day Kenya – wanted to connect British holdings in South Africa to Egypt

EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM

• Africans worked for low wages

• Forced to pay taxes

• Very harsh working conditions (brutal discipline)

• Decay of traditions and culture

• Decline in populations (millions died)

EARLY DUTCH SETTLERS

settle the Cape in the 1600s

to provide food for Dutch

ships

DUTCH SETTLERS (BOERS) CAME INTO CONTACT AND FOUGHT AGAINST NATIVE AFRICAN PEOPLES

British eventually annex the Dutch colony (1795), which leads to great conflict between the Boers and the British government

CREATION OF SOUTH AFRICA IN 1910

• The country is “created” but racism is VERY much a part of the government policies (white only vote)

• 1994 – Nelson Mandela becomes first black president

APARTHEID

• A policy created by the South African government in 1948 to segregate the whites and blacks

• Laws were passed that kept the races apart and blacks inferior to whites

EFFECTS OF APARTHEID1978 BLACKS WHITES

POPULATION 19 Million 4.5 Million

LAND ALLOCATION 13 % 87%

SHARE OF NAT’L INCOME @20% @75%

DOCTORS/POPULATION 1/44,000 1/400

INFANT MORTALITY RATE 20% (urban); 40% (rural) 2.7%

ANNUAL MONEY SPENT ON EDUCATION PER PUPIL

$45 $696

TEACHER/PUPIL RATION 1/60 1/22

END OF EUROPEAN CONTROL OF AFRICA

• After WW II (1939-1945) many European powers realized they could no longer hold onto their colonies

• Beginning in the 1950s many African colonies started to gain their independence,

• Many of these “new” countries changed colonial names that represented white/European colonization (ex. Rhodesia became Zimbabwe)

Goodbye Europe! We won’t miss

you!!!!

END OF EUROPEAN CONTROL OF AFRICA cont.

• Some European countries left peacefully while others sometimes fought to hold on to their colonies

• Once the Europeans left, the Africans faced many problems in establishing governments for the newly independent nations

The Europeans left, now

what do we do?

END OF EUROPEAN CONTROL OF AFRICA cont.

• Some of these problems in each country included:1. Different language groups2. Various religions3. Ethnic differences

---- how could all of these different groups agree on how the new country should be run?

What do we do about all

of these problems?

PROBLEMS FOR AFRICA IN GENERAL

1. Health Issues (esp. HIV/AIDS)

2. Diamond industry

3. Poaching

4. Poverty

5. Corruption

6. Civil/Tribal Warfare

DARFUR

GENOCIDE

the systematic extermination or attempted extermination of a national, racial, political, or

cultural group