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Used Nuclear FuelUS reactors currently discharge > 2,000 tUNF/y with a total inventory of >65,000 tUNF stored at reactor sites around the country.
ME 540
ID 150
NV
AZ 1890
CA 2850
OR 360
WA 590
NC 3427
SC 3930
FL 2880
GA 2450
TN 1490
AL 2990MS 790
IL 8360
WI 1310
LA 1170
AK 1240
IA 480
TX 1950
UT <1
NMOK
KS 610
NE 790
SD
ND
WY
MT
CT 1940
NH 480VT 610
WVVA 2400
NY 3350
PA 5790
KY
OH 1110IN <1
MI 2540
CO 30
MA 650
NJ 2420
MN 1137
MO 670
DE
MD 1230
RI <1
0 MT SNF<1-1000 MT SNF101-1000 MT SNF>1000 NT SNF
Burn -up of US Assemblies
Taken from paper:-Fuel cycle potential waste dispo sition FCR&D-USED 2010-000031
Drivers Influencing Recycling in US40 CFR 190 Regulates Iodine and Kr.
� Prepared at time when US would thought to have 1,00 0 reactors and would be recycling over 100,000 tUNF per year.
� Covers the entire uranium fuel cycle. Regulates I a nd Kr
� Assume capture technology would be relatively inexp ensive to deploy.
Repository Driven.� Final repository will determine the optimum require ments for MA
separations or Gen IV reactors?
Future US Energy Policy
Self protecting nature of UNF.
Integrated UNF Management Site – Dry Storage Pad / RD&D Platform
Phased Approach – leaves options openAREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Integrated UNF Management Site – Dry Storage, UNF Unloading Facility,
Storage Pool
La Hague Hot Cell copyright: AREVA / JEZEQUEL SIDNEY
Hot Cell
Storage Pool
AREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Options
AREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Continued storage of fuel on the pad.
Repackage and direct disposal in a geological repos itory.
Size reduce and direct disposal in a geological rep ository.
Pilot recycling facility.
Or a combination of the all the above
Integrated UNF Management Site -Recycling Facility and RD&D
Platform
Evolutionary technology benefiting from over 40 years of operating experience
AREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Initial Pilot Recycling Facility
Balanced fuel cycle
� Recycling capacity matched to product demand
Propose an initial “ Pilot ” 800 tHM /y capacity plant that builds on best available technology to minimize risk
COEXTM Separations process so “NO” separated Pu
Manage product using existing nuclear infrastructur e while DOE develops Gen IV Reactor (50 plus years for firs t commercial Unit.)
LWR MOX is therefore an “ interim ” step for closing the cycle.
Pilot Facility could supply fuel to, � Limited number of existing LWR’s or
� ~4 x Gen III+ reactors or
� ~2 x 500 MWe SFR
Work Force (800 MT/y plant)
Major Impact on Region from Primary and Secondary J obs
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
FTE operation support sub contractors
FTE operator
FTE ownerFTE construction sub contractors
FTE engineering
AREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Recyclingonce
1-throughcycle
Classic Recycling of UNF
Fresh Fuel×8
Used FuelRecycle
Used FuelRecycle
MOX Fuel×1
ERU Fuel×1
Waste(FP, MA)
Used Fuel×2
LWRLWR
LWRLWR•Actual value depends on fuel burn-up and enrichment
Used Fuels×8
AREVA Federal Services:-Atlanta Nov 2012
Used Fuels×8
LWRLWRUsed FuelRecycle
Used FuelRecycle
MOX Fuel×1
ERU Fuel×1 Used ERU and MOX
Recycling of UOx, RepU, MOX
Waste(FP, MA)
LWR Recycle with MA Burning in Limited Number of Gen IV
Used Fuels×8
LWRLWRUsed FuelRecycle
Used FuelRecycle
MOX Fuel×1
ERU Fuel×1
Limited Number Gen IV MALimited Number Gen IV MA
Transmutation Fuel MA Used Transmutation Fuel
Used ERU and MOX
Waste(FP, MA)
TRU Burning Capability
41.5 40.9
9.2
29.380.8
-8.3-23.0
2.7 5.4
3.3
8.1
-0.2
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Early ARR Future ARR Future ARRwith AmBlanket
TR
U
Bur
ning
Cap
abili
ty (
kg/T
Weh
)CmAmNpPu
Recycled TRU
High Am content TRU
Early Burner Prototype Burner
Commercial Burner with Am Blanket
Incorporation of Advanced Technology in Pilot Facility
Advanced Separations and Transmutation Fuel Product ion are an addition to the Pilot Facility and not a replacement.
Conclusions
US is unique due to the large stockpile of UNF we h ave.
US has specific regulations that will influence the fuel cycle.
Nuclear industry takes a long time to develop and d eploy technology.
We have many options to choose from.
Phased approach to recycling is proposed, “Pilot Pl ant”� Do not commit the country 100% to anyone technology .
� Can be adapted and upgraded with new technology.
► Must develop a simple business case for any future fuel cycle.
► Fuel cycles will overlap.
► Final geological repository will drive fuel cycle d eployment.
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