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Brighten Godfreypbg@illinois.edu
Fall 2011
Advanced Computer Networkscs 538 fall 2011
slides ©2010-2011 by Brighten Godfrey except photographs (from Computer History Museum) and unless otherwise noted
This course
• is instructed by Brighten Godfrey (pbg@illinois.edu, 3128 Siebel)
• takes place Tue & Thu, 3:30 - 4:45 pm, in 1302 Siebel
• comes with FREE office hours: currently, Tuesdays after class and by appointment
• has a web site: http://www.cs.illinois.edu/~pbg/courses/cs538fa11/
Your instructor
• Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, 2009
• Dissertation on improving resilience and performance of distributed systems by taking advantage of heterogeneity
• Research interests:
• Reliable, flexible, and efficient networked systems• Algorithms for and analysis of distributed systems
Course components
• Networking literature
• The classics• The challenges• The latest
• Research project
• How to read, criticize, and present research
Major topics
• Core architecture
• Classic Internet architecture• Congestion control• Forwarding• Routing• Naming
• Making it work well
• Reliability, scalability, selfishness, security
• Domain-specific networks
• Enterprise, data center, P2P, wireless
Requirements & grading
• Project (45%)
• Midterm presentation (10%)• Final paper (20%)• Final poster presentation (15%)
• Assignments, quizzes (15%)
• Paper reviews (15%)
• Paper presentations (15%)
• Class participation (10%)
1. Project
• Research project that could be developed into a conference submission
• Work alone or in groups of two
• Project topics
• Explore your own ideas• Next lecture: some suggestions
• Steps
• Project proposal (3 weeks from now)• Midterm presentation• Final poster presentation and paper
2. Readings
• Generally one or two papers per lecture
• Submit a review on the wiki by 11:59pm the night before we discuss the paper
• For each paper, a review is
• At least 2 comments• About one paragraph (longer is not better)• Don’t just repeat what we already read in the
paper!
3. Topic presentations
• 20 minute presentation on one topic in the course
• 10 minutes of “depth” on one paper, including key concepts, techniques, results, and your criticism
• 10 minutes of “breadth” comparing to 2-3 other papers and the required reading
• 20 minutes of discussion during/after
• At least 2 days before it happens, meet with me to show me your presentation
Visions
• Vannevar Bush, “As we may think” (1945): memex
• J. C. R. Licklider (1962): “Galactic Network”
• Concept of a global network of computers connecting people with data and programs
• First head of DARPA computer research, October 1962
Bush
Licklider
1961-64: Packet switching
Circuit Switching Datagram packet switching
Physical channel carrying stream of data from source to destination
Message broken into short packets, each handled separately
Three phase: setup, data transfer, tear-down
One operation: send packet
Data transfer involves no routingPackets stored (queued) in each router, forwarded to appropriate neighbor
• Leonard Kleinrock: queueing-theoretic analysis of packet switching in MIT Ph.D. thesis (1961-63) demonstrated value of statistical multiplexing
• Concurrent work from Paul Baran (RAND), Donald Davies (National Physical Labratories, UK)
1961-64: Packet switching
Kleinrock
Baran
Circuit switching
Time
Packet switching:multiplexed
Time
• Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Merrill connect a TX-2 at MIT to a Q-32 in Santa Monica, CA
• ARPA-funded project
• Connected with telephone line – it works, but it’s inefficient and expensive – confirming motivation for packet switching
Roberts
1965: First computer network
The ARPANET begins
• Roberts joins DARPA (1966), publishes plan for the ARPANET computer network (1967)
• December 1968: Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) wins bid to build packet switch, the Interface Message Processor
• September 1969: BBN delivers first IMP to Kleinrock’s lab at UCLA
An older Kleinrockwith the first IMP
ARPANET grows
• Dec 1970: ARPANET Network Control Protocol (NCP)
• 1971: Telnet, FTP
• 1972: Email (Ray Tomlinson, BBN)
• 1979: USENET
ARPANET, April 1971
ARPANET to Internet
• Meanwhile, other networks such as PRnet, SATNET deveoped
• May 1973: Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn present first paper on interconnecting networks
• Concept of connecting diverse networks, unreliable datagrams, global addressing, ...
• Became TCP/IP
Kahn
Cerf
TCP/IP deployment
• TCP/IP implemented on mainframes by groups at Stanford, BBN, UCL
• David Clark implements it on Xerox Alto and IBM PC
• 1982: International Organization for Standards (ISO) releases Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model
• Design by committee didn’t win
• January 1, 1983: “Flag Day” NCP to TCP/IP transition on ARPANET
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
OSI ReferenceModel’s layers
Growth from Ethernet
• Ethernet: R. Metcalfe and D. Boggs, July 1976
• Spanning Tree protocol: Radia Perlman, 1985
• Made local area networking easy
Metcalfe
Perlman
• Early 1980s: Many new networks: CSNET, BITNET, MFENet, SPAN (NASA), ...
• Nov 1983: DNS developed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris (USC/ISI), Craig Partridge (BBN)
• 1984: Hierarchical routing: EGP and IGP (later to become eBGP and iBGP)
Postel
Partridge
Mockapetris
Growth spurs organic change
NSFNET• 1984: NSFNET for US higher
education
• Serve many users, not just one field
• Encourage development of private infrastructure (e.g., backbone required to be used for Research and Education)
• Stimulated investment in commercial long-haul networks
• 1990: ARPANET ends
• 1995: NSFNET decommissioned
NSFNET backbone, 1992
In networks
Inte
rnet
forw
ardi
ng t
able
siz
e
[Huston ’10]Year
(Colors correspondto measurements
from different vantage points)
Explosive growth!
0E
150E
140E
130E
120E
110E
100EO
C
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A
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I
A
A
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IA
RK,lu
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UA,yen
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[Huffaker, claffy, Hyun, Luckie, Lyu, CAIDA]
010W
20W
30W
40W
50W
60W
70W
80W90W
100W
110W
120W
130W
140W
150W
160W
170W
180E/W
170E
160E
150E
140E
130E
120E
110E
100E90E
80E
70E
60E
50E
40E
30E
20E
10E
O
C
E
A
N
I
A
A
FR
IC
A
S
O
U
T
H
AM
ER
IC
A
A
S
IA
EU
RO
PE
NO
RTH AME
RI
CA
Brussels, BE
Oslo, NO
RK,lu
oeS
SU,ululonoH
SU,revne
DToronto, C
A
SU,ogei
DnaS
SU,esoJnaS
SU,xineohP
SU,notsuo
H
Chicago, U
S
Ottaw
a, CA
Washington, U
SBoston, U
S
Buenos Aires, AR
Rio de Janeiro, BR
London, UKParis, FR
Berlin, DE
Vienna, ATStockholm
, SESofi
a, BGHel
sinki, FIPre
toria, ZA
Kiev, UA
Warsaw,
PL
Ankara, TR
Tel Aviv, IL
Moscow,RU
AbuDhabi,AEBombay,IN
Delhi, IN
HT,
kokg
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gniS
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Frankfurt, DE
UR,k
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Alges, PT
Dublin, IE
1299(TeliaNet)1299(TeliaNet) 702(MCI)702(MCI)
10026(Asia Netcom)10026(Asia Netcom)
4755(TATACOMM)4755(TATACOMM)
8395(COMSTAR)8395(COMSTAR)
2516(KDDI)2516(KDDI)
7575(AARNET)7575(AARNET)
38809(NXGNET)38809(NXGNET) 3904 (Hutchison)9304 (Hutchison)
7714(TelstraClear)7714(TelstraClear)
20485(JSC)20485(JSC)
1273(CW)1273(CW)5459(London IX)5459(London IX)
1239(Sprint)1239(Sprint) 12989(HWNG)12989(HWNG)3549(Global Crossing)3549(Global Crossing)
4320(Embratel)4320(Embratel)
577(Bell Canada)577(Bell Canada)7843(Road Runner)7843(Road Runner)
2828(XOXO)2828(XOXO)3561(Savvis)3561(Savvis)
701(UUNET)701(UUNET)3356(Level 3)3356(Level 3)
6677(ICENET)6677(ICENET)
3320(Deutsche Telekom)3320(Deutsche Telekom) 8928(Interoute)8928(Interoute)
2914(NTT)2914(NTT)
A S - l e v e l I N T E R N E T G R A P H
I P v 4 & I P v 6 I N T E R N E T T O P O L O G Y M A P J A N U A RY 2 0 0 9
[Huffaker, claffy, Hyun, Luckie, Lyu, CAIDA]
In complexity
ethernetsegment
hub
switch
LAN LAN
IP router
Autonomous System
...
BGP router
spanning tree+ learningbroadcast
MPLS, CSPF, OSPF, RIP, ...
eBGP, iBGP
Routing protocols
Explosive growth!
In applications
Morris Internet Worm (1988)World wide web (1989)
MOSAIC browser (1992)Search engines
VoiceRadio
Botnets
Streaming videoSocial networking
Peer-to-peer
The results of your class projects!
In devices & technologies
NATs and firewallsWireless everywhereMobile everywhere
Tiny devices (smart phones)
...Giant devices (data centers)
Link speeds 200,000x faster65 million times as many devices
Explosive growth!
Huge societal relevance
FridayJune 122009
SaturdayJune 13
SundayJune 14
Routing instabilities and outages in Iranian prefixesfollowing 2009 presidential election
Affe
cted
pre
fixes
[James Cowie,Renesys Corporation]
Affe
cted
pre
fixes
(%
)
Fri, Aug 8, 2008 [Earl Zmijewski, Renesys Corporation]
Routing instabilities and outages in Georgian prefixesfollowing 2008 South Ossetia War
Huge societal relevance
Rea
chab
le p
refix
es
July - August 2011 [James Cowie,Renesys Corporation]
Reachability to Lybia
Huge societal relevance
Top 30 inventions of the last 30 years
1. Internet/Broadband/World Wide Web
2. PC/Laptop Computers3. Mobile Phones4. E-Mail5. DNA Testing and Sequencing/
Human Genome Mapping6. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)7. Microprocessors8. Fiber Optics9. Office Software10. Non-Invasive Laser/Robotic Surgery11. Open Source Software and Services12. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)13. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)14. GPS
15. Online Shopping/E-Commerce/Auctions
16. Media File Compression17. Microfinance18. Photovoltaic Solar Energy19. Large Scale Wind Turbines20. Social Networking via Internet21. Graphic User Interface (GUI)22. Digital Photography/Videography 23. RFID24. Genetically Modified Plants 25. Biofuels26. Bar Codes and Scanners 27. ATMs28. Stents29. SRAM/Flash Memory30. Anti-Retroviral Treatment for AIDS
Compiled by the Wharton School @ U Penn, 2009
So we’re done! ... right?
• Core protocols changed little, but the context has...
• Criminals and malicious parties• Everyone trying to game the system• Incredible growth• Constant mobility• Extreme complexity
• ...and fixing the net involves fundamental challenges
• It’s distributed• Components fail• Highly heterogeneous environments• Must get competing parties to work together
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