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Adolescence and Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Emerging Adulthood: A
Cultural ApproachCultural Approach
Chapter 13Chapter 13
ProblemsProblems
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Externalizing problemsExternalizing problems• Problem behavior theoryProblem behavior theory• Risky automobile drivingRisky automobile driving• Substance useSubstance use• Delinquency and crimeDelinquency and crime• Factors involved in risk behaviorFactors involved in risk behavior
Internalizing problemsInternalizing problems• DepressionDepression• Eating disordersEating disorders
Two Broad Problem TypesTwo Broad Problem Types
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1.1. ExternalizingExternalizing Problems – create difficulties in a person’s Problems – create difficulties in a person’s external world (a.k.a. “undercontrolled”)external world (a.k.a. “undercontrolled”)
Tend to go together (a person that fights is also more likely Tend to go together (a person that fights is also more likely to commit other crimes)to commit other crimes)
More common among malesMore common among males Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily Often motivated by desire for excitement, not necessarily
underlying unhappiness or psychopathologyunderlying unhappiness or psychopathology
2.2. InternalizingInternalizing Problems – primarily affect a person’s internal Problems – primarily affect a person’s internal world (A.k.a. “overcontrolled”)world (A.k.a. “overcontrolled”)
Tend to go together (a person who is depressed is also more Tend to go together (a person who is depressed is also more likely to have an anxiety disorder)likely to have an anxiety disorder)
More common in femalesMore common in females Associated with experiencing distressAssociated with experiencing distress
Bear in Mind… The distinction between the two types is not absolute. A delinquent adolescent might also be depressed. Research shows adolescents with both types have had difficult family backgrounds.
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Externalizing Problems = Risk Behavior
= Problem Behavior
Extensively studied by social Scientists in the
past 30 years
Substance Use
Risky Driving
Risky Sexual Behavior
Crime
Problem Behavior TheoryProblem Behavior Theory
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Problem Behavior Problem Behavior SyndromeSyndrome = Pattern of = Pattern of correlations between externalizing correlations between externalizing problemsproblems
Theory: Problems have common origins Theory: Problems have common origins • BackgroundBackground factors – e.g., family income factors – e.g., family income• PersonalityPersonality factors – e.g., self-esteem factors – e.g., self-esteem• SocialSocial factors – e.g., parental control factors – e.g., parental control
(Jessor)
Bear in Mind… The correlations among the different problem behaviors are not always high and should not be over-emphasized. It’s important not to jump to conclusions!
Risky DrivingRisky Driving
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Highest rates of auto accidents, Highest rates of auto accidents, injuries, & fatalities?injuries, & fatalities? Youth aged 16-24Youth aged 16-24
Leading cause of death for thisLeading cause of death for thisage group?age group?
Auto accidentsAuto accidents
Possible Reasons?Possible Reasons?
Driver Inexperience?Risks taken while drivingDriving while impairedNot wearing a seatbeltLack of parental monitoringCultural norms that glorify speeding and racingBelief that friends
approve of risky drivingSensation-seeking
personalityAggressivenessOptimistic Bias
Other factors?Other factors?Are these individual, social, cultural, Are these individual, social, cultural, factors?factors?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Shope’s Model of Young Driver
Crash Risks (2002)
Driver Crash Involvement: Driver Crash Involvement: Property DamageProperty Damage
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Driver Crash Involvement: Driver Crash Involvement: InjuryInjury
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Driver Crash Involvement: Driver Crash Involvement: FatalityFatality
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Rates per 100,000: 1997
What do you notice?
Prevention: Two ApproachesPrevention: Two Approaches1.1. Driver EducationDriver Education
• Generally hasn’t worked too well…Generally hasn’t worked too well…• Get your license faster…you’re out Get your license faster…you’re out
there driving and getting into there driving and getting into accidents!accidents!
2.2. Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)• More effectiveMore effective• Address a variety of risk factorsAddress a variety of risk factors• Restrict the conditions under which Restrict the conditions under which
novices can drivenovices can drive
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Graduated Licensing StrategyGraduated Licensing Strategy Three Stages to a Three Stages to a GDL GDL program:program:
1.1. LearningLearning License – getting driving License – getting driving experience under supervision of experience under supervision of experienced driverexperienced driver
2.2. RestrictedRestricted License – can drive License – can drive unsupervised, but with restrictions unsupervised, but with restrictions designed to reduce crashes (e.g., designed to reduce crashes (e.g., driving curfews)driving curfews)
3.3. Full Full License – after 1 year restrictedLicense – after 1 year restricted
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
N
L
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Substance UseSubstance Use
AlcoholAlcohol
CigarettesCigarettes
Illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana, Illegal drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy…)cocaine, LSD, ecstasy…)
Adolescent substance use became target of a great deal of political attention,
public policy programs and researchIn the 1980s and beyond….
Substance Use, 1975-1999Substance Use, 1975-1999
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Source: Monitoring the Future, 2000
Alcohol & Marijuana Use by AgeAlcohol & Marijuana Use by Age
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Notice the higher levels of use during
age when unstructured socializing is
most prevalent
Sequence of Substance UseSequence of Substance Use
1.1. Drinking beer and wineDrinking beer and wine
2.2. Smoking cigarettes and drinking hard Smoking cigarettes and drinking hard liquorliquor
3.3. Smoking marijuanaSmoking marijuana
4.4. Using “hard” drugsUsing “hard” drugs
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Some people have interpreted the Some people have interpreted the “gateway drug” theory as indicating “gateway drug” theory as indicating that if adolescents could be that if adolescents could be prevented from using alcohol and prevented from using alcohol and cigarettes, they would also be less cigarettes, they would also be less likely to use marijuana and hard likely to use marijuana and hard drugs.drugs.
Do you think this is true, or would Do you think this is true, or would they be more likely to use other they be more likely to use other drugs if their access to alcohol and drugs if their access to alcohol and cigarettes were curtailed?cigarettes were curtailed?
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Adolescents use in different ways…Adolescents use in different ways…
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
ExperimentalExperimental curiosity “to see what it’s like”curiosity “to see what it’s like”Once or twiceOnce or twice
SocialSocial Use during social activities with one Use during social activities with one or more friendsor more friends
MedicinalMedicinal To relieve unpleasant emotional To relieve unpleasant emotional state such as sadness or anxietystate such as sadness or anxiety
AddictiveAddictive Dependency either physical or Dependency either physical or psychologicalpsychological
What do you think?Which adolescents use more frequently? Which adolescents tend to be healthier psychologically?What are implications of each type of use? What types of prevention strategies might work best for each type?
Delinquency and Crime: DefinitionsDelinquency and Crime: Definitions Delinquency – when “juveniles” commit Delinquency – when “juveniles” commit
crimes:crimes:
1.1. StatusStatus Offences – only a violation of the law Offences – only a violation of the law because committed by juvenilebecause committed by juvenile
2.2. IndexIndex Crimes – serious crimes at any age Crimes – serious crimes at any age Violent CrimesViolent Crimes
Property CrimesProperty Crimes
3.3. Nonindex Nonindex Crimes – less serious offenses Crimes – less serious offenses such as gambling, disorderly conductsuch as gambling, disorderly conduct
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Age and CrimeAge and Crime
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1842 1977
Two Types of DelinquencyTwo Types of Delinquency
Life-course-persistentLife-course-persistent delinquents delinquents Pattern of problems from birth on upPattern of problems from birth on up
Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult Originate in neuropsychological deficits (difficult temperament, LD)temperament, LD)
Likely to grow up in high risk environmentLikely to grow up in high risk environment
Adolescent-delimitedAdolescent-delimited delinquents delinquents No signs of problems in infancy or childhoodNo signs of problems in infancy or childhood
Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of Period of occasional criminal activity between ages of 12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use)12-25 (e.g., vandalism, illegal drug use)
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
(Moffit, 1993)
What do you think of Moffit’s What do you think of Moffit’s claim that adolescence-claim that adolescence-delimited delinquents are delimited delinquents are motivated by a desire to claim motivated by a desire to claim access to adult power and access to adult power and privilege?privilege?
What other motivations do you What other motivations do you think may be involved in AL think may be involved in AL delinquency?delinquency?
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Crime & DelinquencyPreventing Crime & Delinquency
Prevention programs for children who Prevention programs for children who show signs of risk for LCPD and for show signs of risk for LCPD and for adolescents engaging in serious adolescents engaging in serious delinquencydelinquency
Varied Strategies:Varied Strategies:• Individual therapyIndividual therapy• Group therapyGroup therapy• Vocational trainingVocational training• Outward Bound type programsOutward Bound type programs• Scared Straight “Boot Camp” type programsScared Straight “Boot Camp” type programs
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Preventing Crime & DelinquencyPreventing Crime & Delinquency
Two problems with prevention programs:Two problems with prevention programs:
1.1. Participation is typically non-voluntary or Participation is typically non-voluntary or against one’s willagainst one’s will
2.2. Prevention comes too late (in adolescence) Prevention comes too late (in adolescence) after behavior patterns have been establishedafter behavior patterns have been established
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
• The Multisytemic Approach has been met with some success
• MST includes parent training, job training, vocational counseling, development of neighborhood activities and centers – directing the energy of delinquents in positive directions.
• See the next slide for data on MST.
Preventing Crime & DelinquencyPreventing Crime & Delinquency
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Multisytemic therapy (MST) vs. usual Juvenile Justice Multisytemic therapy (MST) vs. usual Juvenile Justice Services for serious adolescent offendersServices for serious adolescent offenders
Note: Lower is better!
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Factors involved in Risk Behavior
Socialization and DelinquencySocialization and Delinquency
What is a “socialized delinquent”? What is a “socialized delinquent”? An “unsocialized delinquent”?An “unsocialized delinquent”?
Check out the chapter!
Find out about research on other factors involved in Risk Behavior outlined in the Previous Slide
Culture and Risk BehaviorCulture and Risk Behavior In traditional cultures, Schlegel and Barry In traditional cultures, Schlegel and Barry
(1991) found that boys and not girls tend to (1991) found that boys and not girls tend to engage in risk behavior during adolescenceengage in risk behavior during adolescence
Evidence of antisocial behavior in less than half Evidence of antisocial behavior in less than half of the cultures studiedof the cultures studied
In Western countries other than the USA, In Western countries other than the USA, engage in less risky driving behaviorengage in less risky driving behavior
USA has highest rates of violent crimesUSA has highest rates of violent crimes
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
See the following two slides for data related to See the following two slides for data related to culture and risk behavior culture and risk behavior
Deaths from Suicide & HomicideDeaths from Suicide & Homicide
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
The USA has the highest homicide rate;
Canada the highest suicide rate
15-year olds Who Report Smoking Daily 15-year olds Who Report Smoking Daily
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Levels of DepressionLevels of Depression
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Depression is an enduring period Depression is an enduring period of sadness:of sadness:
• Depressed moodDepressed mood: enduring period of : enduring period of sadness without any related sadness without any related symptomssymptoms
• Depressive syndromeDepressive syndrome: addition of : addition of symptoms such as frequent crying, symptoms such as frequent crying, feeling guilty, lonely or worriedfeeling guilty, lonely or worried
• Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder: Episode : Episode includes five or more symptoms includes five or more symptoms during a two-week period and disrupt during a two-week period and disrupt functioningfunctioning
Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1.1. Depressed or irritable mood for most of the day, Depressed or irritable mood for most of the day, nearly every day.nearly every day.
2.2. Reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all Reduced interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, nearly every day.activities, nearly every day.
3.3. Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease in Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease in appetite.appetite.
4.4. Insomnia or oversleeping.Insomnia or oversleeping.
5.5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation, observable by Psychomotor agitation or retardation, observable by others.others.
6.6. Low energy or fatigue.Low energy or fatigue.
7.7. Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt.Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt.
8.8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate.Diminished ability to think or concentrate.
9.9. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal thoughts.thoughts.
Constructing Ideas:Constructing Ideas:Causes of Depression?Causes of Depression?
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Define and discuss the diathesis-stress model in terms of genetic and environmental factors.
How does gender relate to this?
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) recognizes
that depression is characterized by
negative attributions, and a belief that the
situation is permanent and uncontrollable
The goal of CBT is to help the young person recognize the cognitive habits that are promoting depression and
work to change those habits. Strategies include
discussion, role play, practicing new ways of
interacting
Treating Depression with CBT…
Relapse is less likely after CBT treatment than drug treatment
Suicide: Risk Factors and FactsSuicide: Risk Factors and Facts RiskRisk factors: factors:
• DepressionDepression• Family disruptionFamily disruption• Substance abuse problemsSubstance abuse problems• Relationship problems outside familyRelationship problems outside family• Result of series of difficulties over timeResult of series of difficulties over time
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Females 4 times more likely than males to attempt suicideFemales 4 times more likely than males to attempt suicide
Males 4 times more likely than females to kill themselvesMales 4 times more likely than females to kill themselves
Rates are highest where guns are most availableRates are highest where guns are most available
Third most Third most common cause of common cause of death ages 15-19death ages 15-19
Higher rates among White than Black youthHigher rates among White than Black youth
Rates highest among Native American youthRates highest among Native American youth
Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
Anorexia Nervosa – Anorexia Nervosa – intentional self-starvingintentional self-starving
Bulimia – binge eating and Bulimia – binge eating and purgingpurging
Cultural ideal of thinnessCultural ideal of thinness Puberty and body changesPuberty and body changes
More common among upper and middle socioeconomic classesMore common among upper and middle socioeconomic classes
Girls who read magazines like “Seventeen” are moreGirls who read magazines like “Seventeen” are morelikely to strive for thinnesslikely to strive for thinness
Occurs most often among females in teens and early 20sOccurs most often among females in teens and early 20s
Warm and controlling parentsWarm and controlling parents
What would you What would you propose as an propose as an effective effective treatment for treatment for different eating different eating disorders? Why?disorders? Why?
Discussion StopDiscussion Stop
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
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