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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

ACSM TPC Part 2 • February 9, 2013 1

Mary Lloyd Ireland, MDAssociate Professor Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery &

Sports MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

Mary Lloyd Ireland, MDAssociate Professor Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery &

Sports MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

ACSM TPC Part 2Miami, Florida • February 9, 2013

ACSM TPC Part 2Miami, Florida • February 9, 2013

Acute Knee LigamentInjuries in Athletes

Acute Knee LigamentInjuries in Athletes

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

ACSM TPC Part 2 • February 9, 2013 2

Acute Knee DislocationsAcute Knee Dislocations

• Uncommon, but . . .May be underdiagnosed

• If knee opens up to varus/valgus stress testing in extension, assume a knee dislocation

• Direction of dislocation• Anterior: hyperextension

mechanism• Posterior: direct blow anterior

proximal tibia

• Uncommon, but . . .May be underdiagnosed

• If knee opens up to varus/valgus stress testing in extension, assume a knee dislocation

• Direction of dislocation• Anterior: hyperextension

mechanism• Posterior: direct blow anterior

proximal tibia

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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KNEEKNEE

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee DislocationKnee Dislocation

• Happens on fields – not often, but:• Don’t miss• Assess vascular status

• Physical exam• Pulse ratios• MRI scan• Arteriogram

• Happens on fields – not often, but:• Don’t miss• Assess vascular status

• Physical exam• Pulse ratios• MRI scan• Arteriogram

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Marcus Lattimore, running back, MOI:South Carolina vs. Tennessee

Marcus Lattimore, running back, MOI:South Carolina vs. Tennessee

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Football: Knee DislocationFootball: Knee Dislocation

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee dislocation ACL/PCL/MCL tearsSkin only stabilizing medial side of the knee

Knee dislocation ACL/PCL/MCL tearsSkin only stabilizing medial side of the knee

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Medial meniscusMedial meniscus

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee Dislocation AlgorithmKnee Dislocation Algorithm

Algorithm for treatment of the Multiple Ligament Injured Knee, from Harner, CD, “Complex Knee Injuries including dislocation: Preoperative planning, evaluation and pitfalls,” AAOS, Phoenix AZ, Feb. 3-6, 2000.

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Willis McGahee, Univ. of Miami 2003Willis McGahee, Univ. of Miami 2003

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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InstabilitiesInstabilities

• Anteromedial rotatory instabilities (AMRI)• Combined AMRI and ALRI• Anterolateral rotatory instabilities (ALRI)• Straight posterior• Posterolateral rotatory instabilities (PLRI)• Combined ALRI and PLRI• Straight instabilities

• Anteromedial rotatory instabilities (AMRI)• Combined AMRI and ALRI• Anterolateral rotatory instabilities (ALRI)• Straight posterior• Posterolateral rotatory instabilities (PLRI)• Combined ALRI and PLRI• Straight instabilities

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee DislocationsKnee Dislocations

• Most knee dislocations reduce spontaneously

• Refer to center with vascular surgeon• Communicate with ER

• Use your cell phone to call the ER• Put a note on the patient• Transfer to facility with angiography suite and

vascular surgeon on call• If high suspicion, do arteriogram

• Most knee dislocations reduce spontaneously

• Refer to center with vascular surgeon• Communicate with ER

• Use your cell phone to call the ER• Put a note on the patient• Transfer to facility with angiography suite and

vascular surgeon on call• If high suspicion, do arteriogram

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Vascular InjuryVascular Injury

Late Vascular compromise from:ThrombusPropagation of Intimal Tear

Late Vascular compromise from:ThrombusPropagation of Intimal Tear

Arteriogram Gold Standard

Injury ranges from :ThrombusTear:

IntimalPartial Complete

Arteriogram Gold Standard

Injury ranges from :ThrombusTear:

IntimalPartial Complete

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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HistoryHistory

• 16YO white male, high school football player• Football game, valgus twisting blow to body

injury• Unable to keep playing• Evaluated on sideline, seen in ER• Seen in office 3 days later

• 16YO white male, high school football player• Football game, valgus twisting blow to body

injury• Unable to keep playing• Evaluated on sideline, seen in ER• Seen in office 3 days later

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Surgery: ArthroscopySurgery: Arthroscopy

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Surgery: MCL RepairSurgery: MCL Repair

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee InstabilitiesKnee Instabilities AMRI

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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GymnasticsGymnastics

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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ACL TearACL Tear

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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BasketballBasketball

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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BasketballBasketball

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Basketball: non-contact, unexpected, not thinkingBasketball: non-contact, unexpected, not thinking

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee InstabilityKnee Instability

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee InstabilitiesKnee Instabilities

ALRI

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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EUA:Correlate mechanism of injury, anatomy, surgical findings to study design in the lab

EUA:Correlate mechanism of injury, anatomy, surgical findings to study design in the lab

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Pivot ShiftLateral tibial plateau internally rotating, anteriorly subluxing at 30 to 0 degrees

Pivot ShiftLateral tibial plateau internally rotating, anteriorly subluxing at 30 to 0 degrees

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Medial compartment: compressive forces posterior medial meniscus, typical tear pattern vertical, posterior

Medial compartment: compressive forces posterior medial meniscus, typical tear pattern vertical, posterior

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Injury Mechanisms – Body PositionsInjury Mechanisms – Body Positions

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, and Bahr R, “Injury Mechanisms for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Team Handball: A Systematic Video Analysis,”in Am J Sports Med 32(4);June 2004, 1002-1012.

Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, and Bahr R, “Injury Mechanisms for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Team Handball: A Systematic Video Analysis,”in Am J Sports Med 32(4);June 2004, 1002-1012.

Team HandballTeam Handball

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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ACL Injury occurred, Foot fixed and externally rotatedWide stance, 15° knee flexion, 20 ° valgus, tibia IR 10 °

ACL Injury occurred, Foot fixed and externally rotatedWide stance, 15° knee flexion, 20 ° valgus, tibia IR 10 °

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Off-balance, in the airOff-balance, in the air

ACL injury occurredFoot fixed and externally rotated, knee 20°, tibia ER 10°, valgus 10°

ACL injury occurredFoot fixed and externally rotated, knee 20°, tibia ER 10°, valgus 10°

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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SoccerSoccer

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Knee InstabilitiesKnee Instabilities PLRI

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Normal Knee Exam: PCL ExamNormal Knee Exam: PCL Exam

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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PCL – 22 YO Offensive LinemanPCL – 22 YO Offensive Lineman

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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PCLPCL• Mechanism

• Low velocity – sports blow to anterior tibia, foot plantarflexed

• Exam• Grades I-II-III based on relation to medial femoral

condyle• Assess collateral ligaments

• Most commonly posterolateral instability• Greater tibial external rotation

• Acute reconstruction• Knee dislocation• Grade III collateral ligament injuries

• Mechanism• Low velocity – sports blow to anterior tibia, foot

plantarflexed• Exam

• Grades I-II-III based on relation to medial femoral condyle

• Assess collateral ligaments• Most commonly posterolateral instability• Greater tibial external rotation

• Acute reconstruction• Knee dislocation• Grade III collateral ligament injuries

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Sideline Assessment of InjuriesSideline Assessment of Injuries

To Make the Diagnosis:To Make the Diagnosis:Use observation of mechanism, physical exam

skills, and talk to the athlete Use observation of mechanism, physical exam

skills, and talk to the athlete

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Non-contact ACL tear, professional football athlete

Injuries occur at all levels of talent and experience

Non-contact ACL tear, professional football athlete

Injuries occur at all levels of talent and experience Jerry RiceJerry Rice

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Who is driving the sideline decision and return to play train?Who is driving the sideline decision and return to play train?

Acute Knee Ligament Injuries in Athletes Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD

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Mary Lloyd Ireland, MDAssociate Professor Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery &

Sports MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

Mary Lloyd Ireland, MDAssociate Professor Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery &

Sports MedicineUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

ACSM TPC Part 2Miami, Florida • February 9, 2013

ACSM TPC Part 2Miami, Florida • February 9, 2013

Acute Knee LigamentInjuries in Athletes

Acute Knee LigamentInjuries in Athletes

The End . . . Thank You!The End . . . Thank You!

ACUTE KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES Mary Lloyd Ireland, M.D. IN ATHLETES UK Healthcare - Orthopaedics ACSM TPC II & Sports Medicine Miami, Florida 601 Perimeter Drive #200 February 9, 2013 Lexington, KY 40517 (859) 218-3131 Fax: (859) 323-2255

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ACUTE KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN ATHLETES 2 Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part I. The medial compartment and cruciate ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg 1976;58A:159. Hughston JC, Andrews JR, Cross MJ, Moschi A. Classification of knee ligament instabilities. Part II. The lateral compartment. J Bone Joint Surg 1976;58A:173. Hutchinson MR, Williams RI, Ireland ML. Knee Injuries. In: Ireland ML, Nattiv A. The female athlete. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2002, pp387-419. Ireland, M.L., Hutchinson, M.R., Gaudette, M., Williams R.I. The knee. In The Injured Athlete, 3rd ed. Perrin, D. (ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven,1999, 353-419. Kurtz CA, Sekiya JK. Treatment of acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament-posterior cruciate ligament-lateral side knee injuries. J Knee Surg 2005;18(3):228-239. Lim BO et al. Effects of sports injury prevention training on the biomechanical risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament injury in high school female basketball players. Am J Sports Med 2009;37(9):1728-1734. Maffulli N et al. Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Br J Sports Med 2010;44(1):21-25. Myer GD et al. Longitudinal assessment of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors during maturation in a female athlete: a case report. J Athl Train 2009;44(1):101-109. Mohtadi N. Development and validation of the quality of life outcome measure (questionnaire) for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Am J Sports Med 1998;26(3):350-359. Moller M, Atterman J, Myklebust G, Wedderkopp N. Injury risk in Danish youth and senior elite handball using a new SMS text messages approach. Br J Sports Med 2012;46(7):531-553. Mueller W. The knee: Form, function, and ligament reconstruction. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1983, pp 80-84. Myklebust G, Steffen K,. Prevention of ACL injuries: how, when and who? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009;17:857-848. Nicholas JA. Injuries to knee ligaments. JAMA 1970;212(13):2236-2239.

ACUTE KNEE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN ATHLETES 3 O’Brien WR, Friederich NF, Muller W, Henning CE. Functional anatomy of the cruciate ligaments. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Instructional Videotape. Park Ridge, Illinois, AAOS, 1991. Olsen OE, Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Injury Mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: A systematic video analysis. Am J Sports Med 2004;32(4):1002-1012. Rotterud JH et al. Effect of gender and sports on the risk of full-thickness articular cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament-injured knees: a nationwide cohort study from Sweden and Norway of 15783 patients. Am J Sports Med 2011;39(7):1387-1394. Spindler KP et al. The prognosis and predictors of sports function and activity at minimum 6 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a population cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2011;39(2):348-359. Stijak L et al. Predicting ACL rupture in the population actively engaged in sports activities based on anatomical risk factors. Orthopedics 2011;34(6):431. Thomee R et al. Muscle strength and hop performance criteria prior to return to sports after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011;19(11):1798-1805. Zhang Y et al. Biomechanical simulation of anterior cruciate ligament strain for sports injury prevention. Comput Biol Med 2011;41(3):159-162.