A-THE THORACIC WALL Posteriorly by the thoracic part of the vertebral column Posteriorly by the...
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- Slide 1
- A-THE THORACIC WALL Posteriorly by the thoracic part of the
vertebral column Posteriorly by the thoracic part of the vertebral
column Boundaries Anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages
Anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages Laterally by the
ribs and intercostal spaces Laterally by the ribs and intercostal
spaces Superiorly by the suprapleural membrane Superiorly by the
suprapleural membrane Inferiorly by the diaphragm, which separates
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Inferiorly by the
diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity A-THE THORACIC WALL Posteriorly by the thoracic part of the
vertebral column Posteriorly by the thoracic part of the vertebral
column Boundaries Anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages
Anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages Laterally by the
ribs and intercostal spaces Laterally by the ribs and intercostal
spaces Superiorly by the suprapleural membrane Superiorly by the
suprapleural membrane Inferiorly by the diaphragm, which separates
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Inferiorly by the
diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity
- Slide 2
- 1- STERNUM It is a flat bone Divides into three parts: It is a
flat bone Divides into three parts: 2-Body of the sternum
1-Manubrium sterni 3- Xiphoid process
- Slide 3
- The sternal angle (angle of Louis) The sternal angle (angle of
Louis) formed by the articulation of the manubrium with the body of
the sternum second costal cartilage The point from which all costal
cartilages and ribs are counted Lies at the level of
- Slide 4
- 2-Ribs There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached
posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. The ribs are divided into
three categories according to their relation to the sternum: False
ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are attached anteriorly
to each other and to the 7th rib by means of their costal
cartilages. True ribs: The upper seven pairs are attached
anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages Floating ribs:
The 11th and 12th pairs have no anterior attachment
- Slide 5
- Typical Rib A typical rib is a long, twisted, flat bone having
a rounded, smooth superior border and a sharp, thin inferior border
A typical rib is a long, twisted, flat bone having a rounded,
smooth superior border and a sharp, thin inferior border A rib has
a head, neck, tubercle, shaft, and angle The inferior border forms
THE COSTAL GROOVE which accommodates the intercostal vessels and
nerve. intercostal vein intercostal artery intercostal nerve VAN
The inferior border forms THE COSTAL GROOVE which accommodates the
intercostal vessels and nerve. intercostal vein intercostal artery
intercostal nerve VAN important
- Slide 6
- 3-The Vertebral Column 7 cervical is composed of 33 vertebrae
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum) 5 sacral
(fused to form the sacrum) 4 coccygeal (the lower 3 are commonly
fused) 4 coccygeal (the lower 3 are commonly fused)
- Slide 7
- The vertebral arch gives rise to seven processes: a-One spinous
b-Two transverse c- Four articular (2 superior 2 inferior) The
vertebral arch gives rise to seven processes: a-One spinous b-Two
transverse c- Four articular (2 superior 2 inferior) A typical
thoracic vertebra consists of : 1-a rounded body anteriorly (body
bearing) 2-a vertebral arch posteriorly. (protect the spinal cord)
They enclose a space called The vertebral foramen through which run
the spinal cord and its coverings A typical thoracic vertebra
consists of : 1-a rounded body anteriorly (body bearing) 2-a
vertebral arch posteriorly. (protect the spinal cord) They enclose
a space called The vertebral foramen through which run the spinal
cord and its coverings
- Slide 8
- Characteristics of a Typical Thoracic Vertebra The body is
heart shaped The vertebral foramen is small and circular The spines
are long and inclined downward Costal facets are present on the
sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs
Costal facets are present on the transverse processes for
articulation with the tubercles of the ribs The body is heart
shaped The vertebral foramen is small and circular The spines are
long and inclined downward Costal facets are present on the sides
of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs Costal
facets are present on the transverse processes for articulation
with the tubercles of the ribs
- Slide 9
- The body and the vertebral arch are connected by means of
pedicles
- Slide 10
- The pedicles are notched on their upper and lower borders
Forming the superior and inferior vertebral notches. The pedicles
are notched on their upper and lower borders Forming the superior
and inferior vertebral notches. These foramina, in an articulated
skeleton, serve to transmit the spinal nerves and blood vessels. On
each side the superior notch of one vertebra and the inferior notch
of an adjacent vertebra together form an intervertebral foramen. On
each side the superior notch of one vertebra and the inferior notch
of an adjacent vertebra together form an intervertebral
foramen.
- Slide 11
- The diaphragm is a thin muscular and tendinous septum that
separates the chest cavity above from the abdominal cavity below
The diaphragm is a thin muscular and tendinous septum that
separates the chest cavity above from the abdominal cavity below
The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration. It is
dome shaped and consists of a peripheral muscular part and a
centrally placed tendon The diaphragm is the most important muscle
of respiration. It is dome shaped and consists of a peripheral
muscular part and a centrally placed tendon 4-The diaphragm
- Slide 12
- The inferior vena cava passes through the central tendon at
approximately vertebral level T8 The inferior vena cava passes
through the central tendon at approximately vertebral level T8 The
esophagus passes through the muscular part of the diaphragm,
approximately at vertebral level T10 The esophagus passes through
the muscular part of the diaphragm, approximately at vertebral
level T10 The aorta passes behind the posterior attachment of the
diaphragm at vertebral level T12 The aorta passes behind the
posterior attachment of the diaphragm at vertebral level T12 Main
Openings in the diaphragm
- Slide 13
- Nerve supply of the diaphragm The phrenic nerves
- Slide 14
- 1-SKIN 2-SUPERFISCIAL FASCIA 3- THREE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION:
THE EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL THE INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL THE INNERMOST
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE 4-THE ENDOTHORACIC FASCIA 5-THE PARIETAL PLEURA.
1-SKIN 2-SUPERFISCIAL FASCIA 3- THREE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION: THE
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL THE INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL THE INNERMOST
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE 4-THE ENDOTHORACIC FASCIA 5-THE PARIETAL PLEURA.
The intercostal nerves and blood vessels run between the
intermediate (internal intercostal) and deepest layers (innermost
intercostal) of muscles They are arranged in the following order
from above downward: INTERCOSTAL VEIN INTERCOSTAL ARTERY
INTERCOSTAL NERVE (VAN) The intercostal nerves and blood vessels
run between the intermediate (internal intercostal) and deepest
layers (innermost intercostal) of muscles They are arranged in the
following order from above downward: INTERCOSTAL VEIN INTERCOSTAL
ARTERY INTERCOSTAL NERVE (VAN) 5-Intercostal Spaces
- Slide 15
- The external intercostal muscle the most superficial layer. Its
fibers are directed downward and forward the most superficial
layer. Its fibers are directed downward and forward The Internal
Intercostal Muscle forms the intermediate layer. Its fibers are
directed downward and backward forms the intermediate layer. Its
fibers are directed downward and backward
- Slide 16
- The innermost intercostal muscle Forms the deepest layer It is
an incomplete muscle layer and crosses more than one intercostal
space within the ribs.
- Slide 17
- B-CHEST CAVITY The chest cavity is bounded by the chest wall
and below by the diaphragm
- Slide 18
- The chest cavity can be divided into LATERALLY PLACED PLEURAE
AND LUNGS MEDIAN PARTITION CALLED THE MEDIASTINUM MEDIAN PARTITION
CALLED THE MEDIASTINUM
- Slide 19
- 2-Pleurae The pleurae and lungs lie on either side of the
mediastinum within the chest cavity the lung is covered with
visceral pleura and the thoracic wall is lined with parietal pleura
FORMATION OF THE LUNGS Each lung bud invaginates the wall of the
cavity and then grows to fill a greater part of the cavity The
original cavity is reduced to a slitlike space called the pleural
cavity as a result of the growth of the lung.
- Slide 20
- Each pleura has two parts: 2- Visceral layer: completely covers
the outer surfaces of The lungs 2- Visceral layer: completely
covers the outer surfaces of The lungs 1- Parietal layer, which
lines A-The thoracic wall 1- Parietal layer, which lines A-The
thoracic wall
- Slide 21
- The parietal and visceral layers of pleura are separated from
one another by a slit like space The Pleural Cavity The parietal
and visceral layers of pleura are separated from one another by a
slit like space The Pleural Cavity
- Slide 22
- Trachea The trachea is a mobile cartilaginous and membranous
tube It begins in the neck as a continuation of the larynx at the
lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth
cervical vertebra The trachea is a mobile cartilaginous and
membranous tube It begins in the neck as a continuation of the
larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of
the sixth cervical vertebra ends at the carina by dividing into
right and left principal (main) bronchi at the level of the sternal
angle (opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic
vertebrae).
- Slide 23
- Principal Bronchi The right principal (main) bronchus 1-wider
2-shorter 3- more vertical than the left 4-is about 1 in. (2.5 cm)
long Principal Bronchi The right principal (main) bronchus 1-wider
2-shorter 3- more vertical than the left 4-is about 1 in. (2.5 cm)
long The left principal (main) bronchus is 1-narrower 2-longer
3-more horizontal than the right 4- is about 2 in. (5 cm) long. The
left principal (main) bronchus is 1-narrower 2-longer 3-more
horizontal than the right 4- is about 2 in. (5 cm) long.
- Slide 24
- Inhalation of foreign bodies into the lower respiratory tract
is common, especially in children Because the right bronchus is the
wider and more direct continuation of the trachea foreign bodies
tend to enter the right instead of the left bronchus Inhalation of
foreign bodies into the lower respiratory tract is common,
especially in children Because the right bronchus is the wider and
more direct continuation of the trachea foreign bodies tend to
enter the right instead of the left bronchus INHALED FOREIGN
BODIES
- Slide 25
- Lungs In the child, they are pink, but with age, they become
dark because of the inhalation of dust particles that become
trapped in the phagocytes of the lung. The lungs are situated so
that one lies on each side of the mediastinum. Each lung is
conical, covered with visceral pleura
- Slide 26
- Each lung has a blunt apex, which projects upward into the neck
for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the clavicle a concave base that
sits on the diaphragm a convex costal surface, which corresponds to
the concave chest wall a concave mediastinal surface, which is
molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures At about
the middle of mediastinal surface is the hilum a depression in
which the bronchi, vessels, and nerves that form the root enter and
leave the lung. At about the middle of mediastinal surface is the
hilum a depression in which the bronchi, vessels, and nerves that
form the root enter and leave the lung. The anterior border is thin
and overlaps the heart The posterior border is thick and lies
beside the vertebral column The anterior border is thin and
overlaps the heart The posterior border is thick and lies beside
the vertebral column
- Slide 27
- Right Lung The right lung is slightly larger than the left is
divided by the oblique and horizontal fissures into three lobes:
THE UPPER MIDDLE LOWER LOBES Right Lung The right lung is slightly
larger than the left is divided by the oblique and horizontal
fissures into three lobes: THE UPPER MIDDLE LOWER LOBES
- Slide 28
- Left Lung The left lung is divided by a similar oblique fissure
into two lobes: the upper and lower lobes There is no horizontal
fissure in the left lung Left Lung The left lung is divided by a
similar oblique fissure into two lobes: the upper and lower lobes
There is no horizontal fissure in the left lung
- Slide 29
- For the Practical sessions you do need to recognize the
following (1, 2 & 3) according to their anatomical positions
For the Practical sessions you do need to recognize the following
(1, 2 & 3) according to their anatomical positions 1-Pulmonary
artery Superior in position 1-Pulmonary artery Superior in position
2-Pulmonary veins Inferior in position 2-Pulmonary veins Inferior
in position 3-Main bronchus Posterior in position 3-Main bronchus
Posterior in position anterior posterior superior inferior