A Road-based QoS-aware Multipath Routing for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A Road-based QoS-aware Multipath Routing

for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Yi-Ling Hsieh and Kuochen WangDepartment of Computer ScienceNational Chiao Tung University

To appear in GLOBECOM 2012

Outline

• Introduction• Related work• Proposed road-based QoS-aware multipath routing

protocol for urban VANETs (RMRV)– Multiple road-disjoint paths discovery– Path life time and life periods prediction– Dynamic QoS path switching

• Simulation• Conclusion• References

Introduction – Motivation

• Stable and efficient routing plays a key role for the success of VANETs

• Road-based QoS-aware routing has been shown well-suited in urban VANETs [5][8]– (better than traditional node-based routing)

• Multipath routing provides alternative routes once the current route fails

However, existing multipath routing protocols are node-based, which are not suitable for urban VANETs

Introduction – Multipath routing

• Multipath routing– further enhance the route stability 1.provides alternative routes once the current route

fails2.provides concurrent transmission with multiple paths

(optional)

• Existing multipath routing protocols– are node-based (not road-based)– potential drawback: potential transmission

interference if they are multiple paths through the same road sections [14] disjoint paths discovery

Introduction – QoS routing

• QoS routing in urban VANETs– Utilize probability of connectivity and hop count to decide the best

QoS path– derive/estimate probability of connectivity and hop count with

vehicles mobility data (e.g. speed, position, node density)• Most of current QoS routing protocols for VANETs are

node-based– derive a route’s QoS along with route discovery– only consider straight roads (e.g. highways) or limited local roads

• due to inherited weakness of node-based routing

For generic city road topologies, road-based routing approach is preferred

• Road-based QoS routing– IGRP [5]: directly determine a path’s with the assistance of traffic

statistics• Additional traffic statistics is required; however, it may not reflect the

current situation

Introduction – the proposed routing protocol

• We propose a road-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol for urban VANETs (RMRV)

1. RMRV can find multiple road-disjoint paths

2. Predict a path’s future lifetime and life periods to adaptively utilize multiple paths– We propose a space-time planar approach to predict

the connectivity of each road section in a path

3. Dynamic QoS path switching– dynamically switch to a path that satisfies the packet

delay constraint• Packet delay is estimated according to a path’s life periods

Related work

Proposed road-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol for urban VANETs (RMRV)

• Problem description1. How to find multiple road-disjoint paths? 2. Among the multiple paths, we choose the path with longest

lifetimeHow to estimate a road section’s lifetime so as to derive a path’s lifetime

3. As time elapses, a road section becomes connected or disconnected How to dynamically switch to another path

Proposed RMRV – multipath discovery

• Multipath discovery (route discovery, RD)– RD packet: [src, dest, seq #, road section list (RS list)]

• generated at source and being flooded out, until reaching destination

– The RS list in an RD packet is updated when the packet enters a new road section

– RD packet table• Every node maintains one, to check whether a received RD packet

had been seen

1. Road-disjoint paths• RD packet with duplicate RS is dropped• (disregarding the beginning and ending RSs)• However, duplicate RSs are allowed if not enough multiple paths are

available

2. Loop detection• e.g. a node in RS3 received an RD packet with RS list [5, 3, 2, 7, 8]

Proposed RMRV – multipath discovery

• Route reply– For each RD packet, the destination node sends a

route reply (RR) packet to the source node– Along with the RR packet being relayed among

RSs, the path’s future connectivity prediction is processed in each RS

Road section connectivity problem

• Geographical forwarding– used to relay data packets through a road section

• Every node maintains a neighbor table for choosing next hop• neighbor table: every node periodically broadcast a HELLO

Road section connectivity problem

• A potential problem and its solution– As time elapses, a road section may become connected

or disconnected, due to node mobilityRS life periods prediction path life periods path

switching before disconnection

Road section connectivity problem – space-time planar approach

We propose a space-time planar approach to formulate and resolve the road section connectivity problem– A road section’s life period can be derived

A path’s life period is then derived

Path lifetime estimation and QoS path switching

• RS life periods is included in the RR packet– RR packet piggybacks the relay nodes’ neighbor tables– The last node in the RS, e.g. node i, calculates RS C1-

C2’s life periods using the space-time planar approach – Intersect the derived life periods with the existing life

periods piggybacked in the RR packet (so as to reduce RR packet size)

• The piggybacked neighbor tables are also removed

QoS path switching

• The source node may switch to a path which is connected currently or satisfies delay constraint– Small gaps may be tolerated because of using carry-

and-forward

QoS path switching

• Packet delay di for path i is due to two kinds of delay– Transmission delay (dp) – Path disconnection delay (dd)– di = dp(i) + dd(i)

QoS path switching

• Transmission delay (dp) – dij : packet delay through RSij, dij = tp*{2+[(Lij – 2*s)/(Tr/2)]}

• tp is transmission delay of a hop, which is regarded as a constant [8]– dp(i) = ∑dij, for RSij in path i

• Path disconnection delay (dd)– dd is the sum of the mean of each disconnection period

Simulation

• Simulator: QualNet 5.0• Map: a grid map of 1000m x 1000m with 200m interval

[8]• Total 200 nodes• Node mobility trace generator: VanetMobiSim

– node speed: [0m/s, 20m/s]• Radio range: 275m [8]• Two-ray ground propagation model [8]

– With NLOS, only nodes in adjacent road sections are allowed for radio communication. The upper bound distance is set to 80m

• CBR– 10 packets/s– Packet size: 512 bytes– 2 ~ 10 concurrent CBR connections

Simulation

Conclusion

• We have presented a road-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol for urban VANETs (RMRV). – To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing

road-based multipath routing protocol for VANETs.• The proposed RMRV is used to find multiple paths

and to estimate paths’ future life periods for QoS path switching. – A space-time planar graph approach has been

proposed to predict the connectivity of each road section in a path, and thus a path’s future lifetime and life periods can be derived.

Conclusion

• Simulation results have shown that the proposed RMRV has 12.2% higher packet delivery ratio, shorter 11.5% average end-to-end delay and 34.3% lower control overhead than those of RBVT-R.

• The proposed RMRV is very suited to high mobility urban VANETs.

References

1. M. K. Marina and S. R. Das, "Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing," Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pp. 969-988, 2006.

2. Cheng-Shiun Wu, Shuo-Cheng Hu and Chih-Shun Hsu” Design of fast restoration multipath routing in VANETs", in Proc. of Computer Symposium (ICS), pp. 73 - 78, 2011.

3. S.-J. Lee, M. Gerla,"Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 10, pp. 3201 - 3205, 2001.

4. X. Huang and Y. Fang, "Performance Study of Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks," vol. 58, issue 4, pp. 1942 - 1950, 2009.

References

5. H. Saleet et al., "Intersection-based geographical routing protocol for VANETs: a proposal and analysis," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, issue 9, pp. 4560 - 4574, Nov. 2011.

6. M. Jerbi, S.-M. Senouci, R. Meraihi and Y. Ghamri-Doudane, "An improved vehicular ad hoc routing protocol for city environments," in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 3972 - 3979, 2007.

7. K. Lee, M. Le, J. Haerri and M. Gerla, "Louvre: Landmark overlays for urban vehicular routing environments," in Proc. of IEEE VTC, pp. 1-5, 2008.

8. J. Nzouonta et al., "VANET routing on city roads using real-time vehicular traffic information," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, issue 7, pp. 3609 - 3626, 2009.

References

9. H. Rongxi ,H. Rutagemwa and S. Xuemin, "Differentiated reliable routing in hybrid vehicular ad-hoc networks," in Proc. of International Conference on Communications, pp. 2353-2358, May 2008.

10. Cheng-Shiun Wu, Shuo-Cheng Hu and Chih-Shun Hsu” Design of fast restoration multipath routing in VANETs", in Proc. of Computer Symposium (ICS), pp. 73 - 78, 2011.

11. S. Bitam and A. Mellouk, "QoS swarm bee routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks," in Proc. of International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1-5, June 2011.

12. Z. Mo, H. Zhu, K. Makki and N. Pissinou, "MURU: A multi-hop routing protocol for urban vehicular ad hoc networks," in Proc. of 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems, 2006, pp. 1–8, 2006.

References

13. Y. Gongjun, D.B. Rawat and B.B. Bista, "Provisioning vehicular ad hoc networks with quality of service," in Proc. of International Conference on Broadband, Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications(BWCCA), pp. 102 - 107, 2010.

14. Yufeng Chen, Zhengtao Xiang, Wei Jian and Weirong Jiang, "An Adaptive Cross-Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol for Urban VANET," in Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics, pp. 603 – 608, 2010.

15. Xiaoxia Huang and Yuguang Fang, "Performance Study of Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 54, issue 4, pp. 1942 - 1950, 2009.

16. Yi-Ling Hsieh and Kuochen Wang, “Road Layout Adaptive Overlay Multicast for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in Proc. of the IEEE 73rd VTC, pp. 1-5, 2011. (submitted to journal Computer Networks)

A Road-based QoS-aware Multipath Routing for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

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