A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY. Where have we been? Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of...

A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Where have we been?

Where have we been?

Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists

Where have we been?

Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists

Research Consult Teach

Where have we been?

Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists

Research Consult Teach

Specific duties of the following Psychologists

Where have we been?

Yesterday we learned: Three Main interests of Psychologists

Research Consult Teach

Specific duties of the following Psychologists Clinical Psychologists Counseling Psychologists School Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Personality Psychologists Social Psychologists Experimental Psychologists Other Specialist Psychologists

Where are we now?

Where are we now?

Today you will learn:

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang

Kohler

Where are we now?

Today you will learn: A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang

Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and

feelings

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and

feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said

human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and

feelings Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human

behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and

avoid pain

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings

Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and

avoid pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished

people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings

Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid

pain Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people

for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness

Hippocrates was a physician at this time

A History of Psychology: Ancient Greece (400-300 B.C.)

2,000 years ago Plato, a student of Socrates recorded his teacher’s advice “Know Thyself”

Socrates advocated introspection Introspection- examining our thoughts and feelings

Aristotle was Plato’s student. Said human behavior is scientific like movement of the stars Claimed we are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Ancient Greeks believed the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness

Hippocrates was a physician at this time Said confusion and madness are from abnormalities in the

brain

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons

Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed

A History of Psychology: Middle Ages (1000 to 1300 A.D.)

During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed agitation and confusion were signs of possession by demons

Tests were used to determine whether a person was possessed

Water-Float Test: Impure, you float and were killed; Pure, you sunk and drowned

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were

being made

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were

being made A scientific approach led to the birth of

modern psychology in the 1800s

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were

being made A scientific approach led to the birth of

modern psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior

and mental processes should be supported by evidence

A History of Psychology: 1500 to 1800

The 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s witnessed a movement away from belief in demons and possession Scientific and Intellectual advances were being

made A scientific approach led to the birth of modern

psychology in the 1800s Psychologists argued that human behavior and

mental processes should be supported by evidence 1879 marked the beginning of psychology as a

laboratory science

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of

Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to

discover the basic elements of conscious experience

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of

Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to

discover the basic elements of conscious experience

2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of

Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to

discover the basic elements of conscious experience

2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately

reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of

Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover

the basic elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience

combined to allow the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately

reflect the outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional

responses and mental images

Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt founded the School of Structuralism Structuralists- used introspection to discover the basic

elements of conscious experience 2 elements of conscious experience combined to allow

the human mind to function Objective Sensations- assumed to accurately reflect the

outside world. Ex. Sight and Taste Subjective Feelings- include emotional responses and

mental images For example, a person can experience a piece of pizza

objectively by observing its shape, color, texture, and taste. They can also experience the pizza subjectively by remembering how good it feels to bite into it

William James and Functionalism

William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of

Functionalism

William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of

Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and

continuous “stream of consciousness”

William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of

Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and

continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience

and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook

William James and Functionalism William James founded the school of

Functionalism Thought that experience is a fluid and

continuous “stream of consciousness” Focused relationship between experience

and behavior- Led to publishing first Psychology textbook

Functionalists- concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment

Functionalism vs. Structuralism

Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection

Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection

Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection

Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection

Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection

Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?”

Functionalism vs. Structuralism Structuralism relies on introspection

Functionalism included behavioral observation in laboratory as well as introspection

Structuralists asked “What are the elements (structures) of psychological processes?” Functionalists asked “What are the

purposes (functions) of behavior and mental processes?”

Functionalism Continued

Functionalism Continued

Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful

Functionalism Continued

Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated

and eventually become habits

Functionalism Continued

Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated

and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,

these actions become automatic

Functionalism Continued

Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated

and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,

these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?

Functionalism Continued

Functionalists proposed that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful Adaptive (successful) actions are repeated

and eventually become habits Through repetition and success of habits,

these actions become automatic Why is this advantageous?

Instead of focusing on mechanics, we can focus on what we are doing

John B. Watson and Behaviorism

John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of

Behaviorism

John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of

Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to

observable, measurable events

John B. Watson and Behaviorism John B. Watson founded the school of

Behaviorism Behaviorism- psychology is limited to

observable, measurable events Did not agree with Functionalists

because he saw consciousness as a private matter that could only be known by an individual

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of

Reinforcement

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of

Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist

tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of

Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist

tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement

Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future

B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement B.F. Skinner founded the School of

Reinforcement This school added to the behaviorist

tradition by introducing the concept of reinforcement

Reinforcement- When an animal is rewarded for performing an action or behavior, it is more likely to perform that action or behavior again in the future

Skinner claimed reinforcement works for people too. What do you think?

Gestalt School

Gestalt School

Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

Gestalt School

Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

“Gestalt” means shape or part

Gestalt School

Founded by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

“Gestalt” means shape or part Gestalt- context influences people’s

interpretations of information. Perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. Rather they are wholes that give shape or meaning to the parts

Gestalt vs. All

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is

accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is

accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an

individual to solve a problem

Gestalt vs. All

Rejects structuralist idea that experience can be broken down into individual parts or elements Why?

Reject behaviorist notion that psychologists should only concentrate on observable behavior

Also reject behaviorist view of mechanical learning because they believe learning is active and purposeful Found that learning, especially problem solving, is

accomplished by insight not mechanical repetition Insight- reorganization of perceptions that enables an

individual to solve a problem Insight is the sudden appearance of Gestalt, or form, that

enables the individual to see the solution

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the

importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the

importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,

especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of

unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes,

especially sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of

Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of

unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially

sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes

People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud founded the school of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of

unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior Freud believed that unconscious processes, especially

sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious experiences in governing peoples behavior and feelings

Thought that most of the mind is filled with unconscious conflicting urges, impulses and wishes

People’s behaviors are aimed at satisfying these impulses, even if they are inappropriate

But, people want to see themselves as decent, so they fool themselves about the real motives of their behavior

What you learned today

What you learned today

A history of psychology

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang

Kohler

What you learned today

A history of psychology Schools of Psychology

Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism- William James Behaviorism- John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner Gestalt- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang

Kohler Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud

Where are we going?

Tomorrow we will discuss the Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology