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A Compass for Citrus Canker Complexity
Linda WeinlandPeter WoodruffMargaret WatermanEthel Stanley* *consultant
Family Trees
Carlos Silva sipped his morning coffee in the shade of the orange and grapefruit trees in the yard. He had planted one at the birth of each of his children.
As he read the paper, Carlos was startled by the full-color map on the front page. His eyes moved quickly to the center of the map where he found his own home to be outside a yellow zone north of US 41 and east of NW 87th Ave.
• Yellow areas are 1900 ft canker zones.
• If your citrus tree is located in one of the yellow map areas it will likely be cut down by the state citrus-canker fighters.
• Ref: Miami Herald, July 26, 2001
http://www.citruscanker.com/canker0726map.gif
Family Trees
With a sigh of relief, Carlos looked down at the grapefruit he was peeling and wondered if the spots on it were a problem.
http://www.escambia-emergency.com/images/hcanemap.jpg
http://www.met.fsu.edu/explores/Tropical/atl2.htm l
Models and Simulations
• Epidemiology• Resistan• Biology
Workbench• Precision Farming• Fireblight• Web-HIPRE
A Complex Business
• Doreena Fiello wiped her sweaty face as she planted the last orange tree in the grove. With pride she looked up at the new sign. There was so much to think about, and no profits for several years.
Fiello Orchards
Organic Citrus
Established 2002
Susceptibility of several citrus varieties and rootstocks to Xac
http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/pathology/ckhost.html
Highly Susceptible Moderately Susceptible
Citrus x paradisi Macf., grapefruit C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, sweet orange
C. aurantiifolia (Christ.) Swingle, Key lime C. aurantium L., sour orange
C. limettioides Tan., Palestine sweet lime C. limon (L.) Burm., lemon
Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., trifoliate citrus C x tangelo J. Ingram & H.E. Moore, tangelo
Moderately Resistant Highly Resistant
C. reticulata Blanco, mandarin, tangerine C. medica L., citron
C. maxima (Burm.) Merr., pummeloX Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge)
Wijnands, calamondin
C. aurantiifolia (Christ.) Swingle, Person or Tahiti lime
Fortunella spp., kumquat
goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides L (non-citrus, India)
A Complex Business
Doreena noticed some small moths flying among the trees. She caught one and stuffed it into a baggie to bring to the extension agent. If it was a citrus leaf miner they would have to take action, and soon.
Citrus Leaf Miner
http://primera.tamu.edu/citrus_entomology.htm
Larva
damage
moth
Citrus Leafminer Distribution
http://plant.cdfa.ca.gov/biocontrol/insects/citruspests/clm-in-citrus-may6-02.pdf
CLM damage
• Citrus Leaf Miner (CLM) feeds on new growth, defoliates when severe
• Most destructive to trees less than 4 years old, since they produce new growth throughout season
• Older trees new growth mainly in spring
• Detection by “scouting”
• CLM cannot withstand high, dry heat (CA)
http://primera.tamu.edu/citrus_leafminer_parasites.htm
Parasite, and its Egg on Citrus Leaf Miner Larva
Up in the Air As the seat belt sign
turned off again, Lynn opened her laptop. She allowed herself one drink to offset her nervousness about the long flight and the ONSA meeting later that day.
As the flight attendant poured her screwdriver, her eyes caught the juice can label: "Contains orange juice from the U.S.A., Brazil and Mexico."
Without some agreement at her meeting in Sao Paulo, she expected that next year the label might not include “the U.S.A.”
• http://cancer.lbi.ic.unicamp.br/xanthomonas/citri/Maps/M2/1.1.html
Genetic control agent
Potential use of Aptamers binding to pathogenicity protein PthA (D.W. Gabriel, IFAS)
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