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Compiled lectures from the recenlty concluded Youth for Environment Summer Camp 2011
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Local Tsunami Early Warning System for Manila Bay and
Vicinity
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and SeismologyEmbassy of Finland
The Philippines is an earthquake and tsunami prone country
The Manila Trench as Possible Source of Tsunamis
Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Generated
by the Manila Trench
Generated using Mirone
Approximate Travel Time of Tsunami from Manila Trench
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2.252.25
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106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126
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Generated using Mirone
Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Generated
by the Manila Trench
Generated using Mirone
Approximate Travel Time of Tsunami from Manila Trench
Generated using Mirone
119 119.5 120 120.5 121
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
PHIVOLCS Tsunami
Modelling for Manila Bay
Proposed Tsunami Detection Station
To determine available time for warning
Communication Scheme forTrans-Pacific Tsunami
Earthquake
PTWCNWPTIC
PHIVOLCS
OCDNDCC
OCD RC RDCC
LGUsDCC
PAGASA
PUBLIC
MEDIA
GTSFAX
Phone
FAX
PHONE
FAXPHONE
FAXPHONE
FAX
PHONE
FAXPHONESSB Radios
FAXPHONESSB Radios
SirenPublic Address System
Radio BroadcastsTV broadcasts
FAXPHONE
NAMRIA
Office of the President
Mass Texting Company
(GLOBE or SMART)
Proposed Establishment of a Local Tsunami Warning System
• Real time Seismic Monitoring System (Existing)
• Real-time Local Tsunami Detection System (Proposed)
• Rapid Communication System(Proposed)
• Mass Alerting System (Proposed)
Important Elements of an Effective Local Tsunami Warning System
• A dense, real time network of seismic stations for accurate detection, location and evaluation of tsunami potentials of earthquakes
• Real time sea level monitoring network for tsunami wave detection and confirmation
• Rapid communication system for relaying alert and warning information from the warning center to the local authorities and the public
• Availability of accurate hazard maps indicating inundation areas, shortest escape routes and safe evacuation sites
• Local mass alerting system(ex. sirens, bells, public address system, etc) for signaling and disseminating evacuation orders
• A well-informed citizenry to ensure proper action and response
PHIVOLCS Seismic Monitoring Network
•30 Satellite Telemetered stations•With near-real time data transmission
•34 Manned stations• Equipped with SSB radios and Telephones for non-real time data transmission
PHIVOLCS Unmanned Seismic System
CYGNUSSatelliteModem
Transmitter
TRIDENTDigitizer
SS-1Seismometer
Solar Panel
Charge Regulator
Battery
VSAT Antenna
Example of Instrumentations in Each of the Satellite-telemetered Unmanned Stations of PHIVOLCS
Seismic vault, solar panel and VSAT antenna
Digitizer and VSAT modem / transmitter
Batteries and solar charger regulator
Three component short-period sensors
Abra Station
PHIVOLCS Central Receiving Station
CARINASatellite Modem
TransmitterReceiver
VSAT Antenna Receiver
Data Acquisition
Computer
Data Processing
computer
Data Archiving
Computer
UPS
Emergency
Power Generator
AC
Power
Screen Display of Existing Near Real-time Seismic Data Acquisition Computer Showing Signals from an Earthquake
Proposed Establishment Real-time Tsunami Wave Detection Stations in Strategic Sites
• For rapid assessment and confirmation of tsunami threats.
• To give warning to areas that are too far from the source to feel the strong ground shaking
• The Severity of impact in different areas could be accurately assessed if actual tsunami height is immediately known
• Disaster managers can have immediate information for prioritizing rapid deployment of rescue and relief operations
Tsunami Wave Detection Instruments Used by PTWC
Bottom Pressure Sensor
Satellite communication platform
Deep-ocean Assessment and
Reporting of Tsunamis
Japan Tsunami Wave Detection System
Japan Local Tsunami Warning System
PHIVOLCS Proposed Electrical Layout of Tsunami Wet Sensor
To Seismic Digitizer
Wet Sensor
Battery
RelaySwitch Signal Generator
or Oscillator
DRAIN
Tsunami Water
Digitization and data transmission using the PHIVOLCS existing real-time seismic data communication system
CYGNUSSatelliteModem
Transmitter
TRIDENTDigitizer
Solar Panel
Charge Regulator
Battery
VSAT Antenna
Signals from tsunami sensors
Concrete Pier
PHIVOLCS Proposed Details of Tsunami Wet Sensor
The height of stainless tube and elevation of probes and collecting vessel could be adjusted to set the tsunami heightmeasurement level H(I.e. 1 m, 3 m, 6 m or 10 m)
Water collecting
vessel
Stainless Tube
Air Vent
Tsunami Water Intake
H
Electric Cable
Sea Water
To relay switch
PHIVOLCS Proposed Deployment of Tsunami
Wet Sensors
1 m5 m
10 m
Screen Display of Data Acquisition Computer showing Tsunami Signals Integrated with Seismic Signals
Earthquake Signals
Tsunami Signals
Advantages of the Proposed Tsunami Detection System
• The design of wet sensors is simple, robust and less expensive than tide gauges.
• The civil works required is less expensive than constructing a stilling well for tide gauges
• Integrate with the existing PHIVOLCS real-time seismic communication system will – Substantially reduce the
total cost of the warning system
– Sustainable since PHIVOLCS engineers are already familiar with the installation, repair and maintenance of the system.
Disadvantages of the proposed Tsunami Detection system
• Data are only generated during an actual tsunami and history of sea level fluctuation for ocean tide study could not be obtained
• Highly dependent on presence of small islands near earthquake source region for early detection.
Map Showing Location of Proposed Real-time Tsunami Wave Detection Stations
Each station will be equipped with satellite communication system for transmitting data on very near real-time to the central station in Quezon City.
Total Project Cost
10 stations X P2.5M = P25M
The first station which is located in Lubang Island is already being funded by the government of Finland.
Continue to seek assistance from other funding institutions
Proposed Communication Scheme for Locally Generated Tsunami
Strong EarthquakePHIVOLCS AutomaticEpicentral Location
And magnitude determination
PHIVOLCS Confirms tsunami wave from Tsunami Sensors
OCD
NDCC
Mass Texting (GLOBE or SMART)
LGUsDCC
PHIVOLCS IssuesTsunami Warning
PUBLIC
MEDIA
FAX
PHONE
Criteria are satisfied for a tsunamigenic earthquake
FAX
PHONE
GSM
No Hazardous Tsunami wave detected
FAX
PHONE
FAXPHONESSB Radios
FAXPHONESSB RadiosMass communication system
SirenPublic Address System
Radio BroadcastsTV broadcasts
Hazardous Tsunami Wave Detected
PHIVOLCS Issues Earthquake Bulletin
Office of the President
Criteria are not satisfied for a tsunamigenic earthquake
FAXPHONENotes
This scheme will work only if a real-time tsunami detection network is available and that tsunami travel time (lead time) is greater than 25 minutes.
Due to the shortness of lead time for issuing warning, Alert level 3 which means evacuate to safe grounds will be directly issued without passing thru Alert Level 1 which means prepare for possible evacuation whenever an hazardous tsunami wave is confirmed by the real-time detection network.
For areas with smaller lead time, PHIVOLCS will not be able to provide warning. The public is advised to use natural precursors such as very strong ground shaking , sea level recession and rumbling sounds. If any of these phenomena are observed, the public is advised to automatically moved to high grounds or to tall and sturdy buildings for safety.
The critical part of the warning scheme is from OCD to LGUs and then LGUs to Affected coastal communities. OCD should devise an effective mass communication techniques that can rapidly disseminate the warning to the affected coastal communities.
GSM
FAXPHONE
The Data Receiving Center (DRC) of PHIVOLCS showing the real time data acquisition computers and data processing computers
One of the seismic recorders is attached to an alarm system which activates a siren to alert duty seismologist to start data processing whenever a significant earthquake is detected.
An SMS or rapid mass texting system for quick dissemination of earthquake and tsunami advisories is also provided.
Tsunami Hazard Mapping
• Computer Hardware and software and
• Technical expertise for tsunami modelling
• Understanding of the earthquake potential and mechanism of submarine faults and subduction systems (Highest Magnitude and sense of movement)
• Bathymetry of wave propagation path from source to shoreline (2 min X 2min resolution is downloadable from NOAA website)
Hazard Mapping Needs
• Detailed near shoreline bathymetry (20sec X 20sec resolution) – To accurately model
focusing and defocusing effects
• High resolution topographic maps of coastal areas (1:5,000 scale with 1-meter contour interval) – To accurately model
tsunami inundation
• Information on roughness of coastal areas that can slow down inland advance and affect inundation distance of tsunami (smoothness of coast, presence of forest cover or mangroves, built up areas with tall buildings).
• Locations of risk elements from very recent aerial photographs
Development of Sensor• Design and pilot testing
of the sensors• Completed actual
sensor interfacing and signal propagation test using the satellite communication set up of Bolinao seismic station
• Reconnaissance survey and selection of a suitable site for the station
Site Selection SurveyCRITERIA• Nearest point to the tsunami
source for early detection
• Sloping shoreline so that sensors can be positioned at varying elevations
• Accessible by road for easy maintenance
• Safe from vandalism and possible loss of expensive equipment and instruments by burglary
The Selected Instrument Site
Location of the 1-meter elevation sensor near shoreline
Location of the communication instrument vault and antenna on top of a hill
Site Selection for Sensors• Negotiation and signing of contract with the
land owner • Completed the designs of civil works and
estimate of materials• Completed the paper works for the purchase
of the imported communication equipment
Brgy. Tagbak, Lubang Island • Construction of
Sensor Pier & Recorder Vault
• Installation of Monitoring and Communication Equipment
• Development of Tsunami Evacuation Map
• Installation of Tsunami Signages
• Information Campaign
Instrumentation • Construction of Sensor
Pier and Instrument Vault• Installation of Sensor &
Communication Equipment
Tsunami Sensor
Satellite Communication Equipment
Propagation Tests
Tsunami Evacuation Map
Tsunami Evacuation Map
Tsunami Signages
Tsunami Evacuation Map
Tsunami Evacuation Map
Tsunami Signages
Information Campaign • Brgy. Tagbak & Looc• Lectures• Information Materials• Turn-over of
Evacuation Plan• Field Visit & Walk-
through of Plan
Site visit of Brgy. Tagbak LGU Officials
Distribution of Tsunami Information Materials
TSUNAMI POSTER
TSUNAMI COMICS IN DIFFERENT LOCAL LANGUAGES
The Road Ahead • Refinement of the
Hazard Mapping in Lubang Island and Manila Bay– DOST-GIA Project– READY Project
• Mass Alert System– SMS Alert System– Coastal emergency
sirens using GSM technology
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management
The Philippines Hazardscape
• Situated in the Pacific ring of fire (2 major tectonic plates meet)
• Located along the typhoon belt (Western North Pacific Basin) where 66% of tropical cyclones enter or originate
• 17,000 km coastlines are increasingly exposed to high risk and more vulnerable to tidal surges
• 1995-2003: Annual average of 8,161 fire incidents• Annual direct damage from previous disasters
between 1990-2006 amount to Php 20B per year (.5% of the GDP on the average per year)
The Philippines Hazardscape
• Flooding has become most prevalent disaster since 2000
• Environmental factors (denuded forests) aggravated flood risks.
• Lost of forest cover increase likelihood of drought and poor availability of water
The Philippines Hazardscape
• Among the countries where a large percentage of population reside in disaster prone areas
• Disparities in poverty incidence
• Complex emergenciesRANKED #1 as the Most Disaster
Prone Country in the World
Natural hazards are part and parcel of the Philippine environment, but disasters happen because human
settlements, infrastructures, people and economic activities are placed
where hazards occur
• Climatic changes• Rapid and unplanned urbanization• Poverty and ignorance• Corruption and inefficiency• Poor coordination • Environmental degradation• Lack of planning• “Bahala na” and do not care attitude- lack
of cohesiveness in the community• Poor enforcement of the law
The Current Challenges
Among its effects are:
• Prolonged droughts threaten food security and water availability
• Coastal Flooding becomes more frequent and salt-water intrusion threatens water supply and food production
• Tropical storms get more intense with higher wind speeds and rainfall
• More heavy rainfall causes destructive floods,landslides and contamination of water supplies
• Disease carrying mosquitoes and tics move tonew areas, malaria and dengue fever spread
• More and more people died and/or are injured or displaced because of the disasters
• Much needed resources for development are siphoned to relief and rehabilitation
THUSPermeating the cycle of disaster
and poverty
As a result:
9
The answer is a resounding
NO10
• The state of readiness is not measured by the number of equipment and resources that we have
• We need to change mindsets“LEADER and the MASSES/PEOPLE
magsama sama para labanan ang sakuna”
• Eradicate the mindset of dependency• We need to fix the problem than fixing the
blame11
A DISASTER is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing
widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope
using only its own resources
Defining Disaster
Disaster as a process
• A disaster is the outcome of a process where communities suffer destructive damage of a physical, economical, psychological, social or organizational nature because they did not have the awareness, response preparedness, capacity to prevent or mitigate and/or the capacity to respond in the face of a pre-existing risk.
UnderstandingWHO
is responsiblefor the disaster?
The “Crunch” Diagram
Vulnerability(exposure)
DISASTER Hazards(trigger events)
D = H x V
Managing Disasters the RC Way
Strengthening community resilience to disastersby organizing a strong network of volunteers at
the grassroots level
We have started the massive +143 membership efforts with a target membership of 1.8M residents in all Barangays.
And, we have created the Operations Center (OPCEN) to synchronize all of our preparation and action.
17
We can get to you faster. And help immediately.
We have the OPCEN which will direct the necessary help and assistance your way in the event of an emergency or disaster.
We can assist with your blood requirements.
We can provide rescue services.
We can build houses for those truly affected.
We can provide medicine.
We can provide food.
We can provide Tracing Services.
We can provide Stress De-briefing and Psychological Services.
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Why Red Cross 143?
Being our man on the ground, a +143 Volunteer must be able to communicate.
Tell us what s/he sees, hear and feel.
Use a whistle to call people’s attention in an emergency.
CALL the OPCEN 143 and provide information that will enable OPCEN to mobilize support and coordination with our partner agencies.
Mobilize the local +143 Chapter to help in assisting others.
19
Duties of Red Cross 143 Volunteers
Key MessagesK• Disasters are the result of a confluence of events-
importance to differentiate the hazards from thefinal trigger
• Integrating disaster management in developmentplanning is of primordial importance
• A good disaster plan takes into account and recognizesthe roles of individuals, families, institutions and systemsin the community
• Forewarned is forearmed
• Safety starts in the individual, to the family and to thecommunity
We may not have the power
over what mother nature can do.
But we can have the control
thru proper knowledge, preparation and
cohesiveness with the COMMUNITY at the center of our efforts.
THANK YOU
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