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Environmental Studies
Presentation onBIO DIVERSITY
Guided By Presented ByBijoyen Das(2015)
Vasudev Modi Ayaz Patel (2036)KalpeshThakkar(2049)
DEFINITION The term ‘Biodiversity’ refers to the entire
variety of life forms in existence on earth.
It encompasses the entire range ofmammals, birds, reptiles , amphibians ,fish , insects and other invertebrates ,including plants , fungi and other micro-organisms like Bacteria and Viruses.
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is a
collective term meaning: the totality and
variety of life on Earth.
It includes genetic diversity within
species; the variety among species; and
the range of ecosystems within which life
exists and interacts.
DEFINITION
Diversity
Genetic diversity:- Due to large number of combinations possible in
the genes that give every individual its specific characteristics.
Species diversity:- The number of species of plants and animals that
are present in a region constitutes its species diversity. 1.8 million species have been identified on earth India is among the world’s 15 nations that are
exceptionally rich in species Diversity.
Diversity
Ecosystem diversity:- Specific regions such as Rivers Lakes Seas Grasslands Deserts Mountains Etc.
Diversity
Biodiversity is broadly identified underfollowing types :
Forests biological diversity. The biological diversity of dry and sub-humid lands Agricultural biodiversity. Biodiversity of inland water ecosystem. Marine and coastal biodiversity.
Bio-geographic classifications of India
The cold mountains snow covered Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh
The Himalayan ranges and valleys of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand, Assam etc. The Terai, the lowland where the Himalayan rivers
flow into the plains The Bhrahmaputra plains The desert of Rajasthan Grassland region of Gujarat, Maharashtra,Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
The north-eastern states of India The western Ghats in Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Kerala The Andaman and Nicobar Islands The coastal region with sandy beaches,
forests and mangroves.
Bio-geographic classifications of India
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
There are at present 1.8 million species known
and documented by scientists in the world. However, scientists estimate the number to be 1.5-20 billion! Hence, majority of species are yet to be
discovered.
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
Most of the world’s bio-rich nations are in south,
which are developing nations. But, majority of the countries capable of
exploiting biodiversity are northern nations, in the
economically developed world. These nations however have low levels of
biodiversity. Thus developed world has come to support the
concept that biodiversity must be considered to
be a global resource.
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
However if biodiversity should form acommon property resource to be shared byall nations, there is no reason to exclude oilor uranium or even intellectual expertise asglobal assets.
India’s sovereignty over its biologicaldiversity cannot be compromised without arevolutionary change in world thinking aboutsharing of all types of natural resources.
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
The species found in countries with diversities higher than India are different from our own.
This makes it imperative to preserve our own
biodiversity as a major economic resource. While few of the other mega diversity nations
have developed the technology and genetic
engineering, India is capable of doing so.
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
Throughout the world, the value of biologically rich natural areas is now being increasingly appreciated as being of unimaginable value.
International agreements such as the WorldHeritage Convention attempt to protect andsupport such areas.
India is signatory to the convention and hasincluded several protected areas as worldheritage sites.
Biodiversity at global, nationaland local levels
India has also signed the convention in thetrade of endangered species which is intended to reduce the utilization of endangered plants and animals by controlling trade in their products and in the pet trade.
India as a Mega Diversity Nation
Geological events in the landmass of Indiahave provided conditions for high levels ofbiological diversity.
India’s special geographical positionbetween three distinctive centers ofbiological evolution and radiation of speciesis responsible for our rich and variedbiodiversity.
India as a Mega Diversity Nation
It is estimated that 18% of Indian plants areendemic to the country and found nowhere in the world.
Apart from high biodiversity of Indian wild plants and animals there is also a great diversity of cultivated crops and breeds of domestic live stock.
This is the result of several thousand years during which civilizations have grown and flourished in the Indian subcontinent.
Threats to Biodiversity Habitat loss Habitat degradation Water pollution Land pollution Exotic species
Loss of Biodiversity
We can not afford to be careless with our
natural resources. We share the environment
with other organisms in a complex network. If one species disappears from an
ecosystem, the ecosystem changes. To understand the role people are playing in
biodiversity loss, it helps to think of something called the HIPPO dilemma.
HIPPO Dilemma
Habitat lossIntroduced speciesPopulation growthPollutionOver-consumption
Loss of Biodiversity
Habitat loss - the destruction of habitats is the number one cause of species extinction.
Introduced species - Nonnative or Exotic species are species that are not native to a particular region. These species can threaten native species, which have no natural defenses against them. Example: Birds in Guam
Loss of Biodiversity Population growth -There are 6 billion
humans living on Earth Earth’s population of human beings is
increasing at a rate of about 222,000 people each day.
This is changing the environment dramatically and causing other species to become extinct at an accelerated rate.
Humans take up more and more space and deplete more resources than any other species.
Loss of Biodiversity
Pollution:– The more resources our population
consumes, the more pollution we’re likely to create.
Pollution’s effects can be obvious, such as an oil spill, or not so visually obvious, such as insecticides that can cause reproductive failure in fish, birds, and mammals (like DDT).
Loss of Biodiversity
Over-consumption –
Population growth alone doesn’t account
for the increasing consumption of natural resources that is largely responsible for biodiversity's decline.
Common Plant and Animal Species
Several plant and animal species in the
country are now found in only one or a few
parts. Endanger animals are charismatic species
such as the tiger, the elephant etc. The less well known major mammals,
restricted to a single area, include the Indian
wild ass, the Hangul etc.
Common Plant Species
Teak South West Is grown extensively by the Forest Department Highly Priced Wood
Sal North Eastern Madhya Pradesh and Orissa Common species
Common Plant Species
Common Plant Species
Common Plant Species
Common Plant Species
Common Plant Species
Babul Thorny species Western India Long, sharp, straight thorns
Jackfruit Planted around many villages Huge fruit growing directly from its branches Fruit has prickly skin Fruit is cooked like vegetables
Common Plant Species
Orchids
Largest group of flowering plants in the world North eastern states Flower show a range of bright colours and great variations in structure
Common Animal Species
Mammals Sambars
Live in small family Hilly forested areas Feed mainly leaves of low branches Dark brown in colour Large thick antlers
Common Animal Species
Common Animal Species
Birds 1200 bird species found in India Hornbills
Live on fruit Have heavy curved beaks with a projection on top
Bee-eater Bird of pray Paradise flycatcher
Common Animal Species
Reptiles Lizards Snacks Turtles Tortoises
Marine life Fish Crabs Shrimp
Conservation of BIODIVERSITYIn-situ and Ex-situ
In-situ Conservation
In-situ is the protected areas for wildlife
species such as tiger, lion, elephant, deer etc with the object to preserve them
Such as National parks and Sanctuaries Various projects like Project Tiger, Crocodile
Conservation, Project Elephant There are 589 protected areas in India in
which 89 are national parks and 500 are
Sanctuaries
Ex-situ Conservation
Ex-situ conservation is the conservation of
Wildlife species outside its natural habitat
in a carefully controlled situation such as a
botanical garden for a plant or zoological
park for animals where there is expertise to
multiply the species under artificially managed condition.
Value of Biodiversity
Consumptive valueProductive valueSocial valueEthical valueAesthetic valueOption value
Value of biodiversity
Consumptive use value: The value of biodiversity that arises due to
consumption of natural products.
For e.g.: biodiversity provides people from
all their daily needs ranging from building
material to food , medicine, fodder for
animals, etc.
Value of biodiversity
Productive value: This means using the biodiversity for
economical use. For e.g.: Some leading pharmaceutical
companies are now using wide variety of
wild plants for identifying newer types of
chemicals of great economic value, this is
known as bio prospecting.
The maximum benefit of biodiversity can be
obtained through genetic engineering
Value of Biodiversity
Social value: The consumptive and productive value of
biodiversity is closely linked to social concern
in traditional communities . They have cultural
and religious sentiments associated with it.
Hence we can say that there is a definite
social value associated with biodiversity. For e.g.: The banyan tree is preached all over
India.
Value of Biodiversity
Ethical values: The fact is that there are a thousands of
species existing on earth and man is just a small percentage of them.
Thus it is our ethical and moral duty to preserve and protect them.
Value of Biodiversity
Aesthetic values: Knowledge and appreciation of biodiversity
for its own sake is another reason to preserve
biodiversity. The aesthetic appeal of biodiversity can also be used as a tourist attraction.
Plus there is also a certain degree of symbolism associated with biodiversity, like the lion is symbol of Hinduism, elephant is the symbol of Buddhism.
Value of Biodiversity
Option Value:
Keeping the future possibilities open is called
the option value. Greater we preserve the
biodiversity today, greater options we have
for tomorrow
Thank You
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