View
10
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8
ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8
Editor :
Prof. Lilik Sutiarso
Hanim Zuhrotul Amanah
Reviewers:
Prof. Dipl,-lng. Dr.nat.techn. Axel Mentler (Institute of Soil Research BOKU – Austria)
Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan Pieters (Universitiet Ghen – Belgium)
Ir. Patrick vanSchijndel (Eindhoven Univerity of Technology [TU/e – Netherlands)
Assoc.Prof. Takashi Okayasu (Kyushu University – JAPAN)
Dr. Ching-Nuo Chen (National Pingtung University of Science and Technology – Taiwan)
Prof. Bambang Purwantana (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)
Prof. Lilik Sutiarso (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)
Dr. Sri Rahayoe (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)
Dr. Joko Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)
Prof. Putu Sudira (Universitas Gadjah Mada – Indonesia)
Dr. Eng. Sukmawaty (Universitas Mataram - Indonesia)
Dr. Ansar (Universitas Mataram - Indonesia)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rosnah Shamsudin (Malaysian Society of Agricultural Engineers/MSAE
Prof. Azmi Dato' Yahya (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)
Proceedings
The 2nd
International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering 2016
Theme : Recent Technology on Agricultural and Bio-system Engineering
Published by :
Departemen Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281
Telephone/fax : +62-274-563542
E-mail : tep_ftp@ugm.ac.id
Copyright law protected
Don’t to quote, reproduce and translate some or allof these books without the permission of
the publisher
Second Edition : 2016
ISBN : 978-602-14315-2-8
i
MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE 2ND
ISABE 2016
It is my honor to welcome you to the International Symposium on Agricultural and
Biosystem Engineering 2016. Thank you all to be here today at the Jayakarta Lombok
Beach Resort for attending this important meeting. The 2nd
ISABE 2016 is held in August
9-11 organized by Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agricultural
Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada, Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of
Food Technology and Agro-Industry Mataram University and the Indonesian Society of
Agricultural Engineer (PERTETA). The theme of the 2nd
ISABE 2016 is “Recent
Technology on Agricultural and Bio-system Engineering. The objectives of the symposium
are to disseminate knowledge, to promote research and development, to obtain the latest
information, as well as to exchange technical information in agricultural and biosystem
engineering innovation. Moreover, the symposium will provide opportunity to strengthen
networking among Indonesia and international academia, government and industries. The
meeting will feature a serie of keynote speech in plenary sessions, presentations in
technical sessions, cultural night, as well as excursion.
I am very pleased to welcome all the guest speakers: a. Prof. Sakae Shibusawa
(TUAT, Japan), Prof. Chang-Hyun Choi (Korean Society of Agricultural Machinery,
Korea), Prof. Ir. Dr. Azmi Dato' Yahya (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia), Prof.
Mitsutoshi Nakajima (University of Tsukuba, Japan), Prof. Dipl.-Ing.Dr.nat.techn. Axel
Mentler (Institute of Soil Research BOKU, Vienna), as well as Prof. Sigit Supadmo Arif
(Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia). And joining us to deliver a congratulatory speech
Governor of West Nusa Tenggara Province. Thank you very much for all of you for your
contribution in this symposium.
I am also pleased to greet participants of 61 selected papers, among them are 6 papers from
Korea, 1 from Japan, 1 from Taiwan, 1 from Thailand, 1 from Malaysia,1 from Bangladesh
and the remaining 56 papers are from Indonesia. For delegates who do not present papers,
thank you for your participation. I hope you can enjoy all the agenda.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all colleagues, sponsors, organizing
committee, steering committee for their support and cooperation for making this event
succesfully performed.
Finally, thank you again for your participation and welcome to the 2nd
ISABE 2016
meeting.
Chairperson of The 2nd
ISABE 2016
Dr. Ngadisih
ii
LIST OF CONTENT
Foreword ................................................................................................................... i
List of Content ........................................................................................................... ii
SUB THEME: LAND AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Irrigation Scheduling on Runoff Harvesting System For Dry Land Farming
Authors: Sophia Dwiratna NP 1 and Nurpilihan Bafdal
A01
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Baseflow in East Java Regions
Authors: Indarto Indarto, Sri Wahyuningsih, Elida Novita, Hamid Ahmad, Muhardjo
Pudjojono
A02
Spatial Variabilities of Soil Properties Based on Its Spectral Reflectance for Developing
Precision Farming System
Authors: Sari Virgawati and Muhjidin Mawardi
A03
Pitcher Fertigation System for Effective Fertilization and Irrigation
Authors: Muhjidin Mawardi and Fuad Asani
A04
Analysis of Rainfall Index for the Identification of Drought-Prone Areas in the Special
Regions of Yogyakarta
Authors: Putu Sudira, Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho, Muhammad Naufal
A05
Development of Irrigation Automation Device based on Crop Growth Stage
Authors: I Putu Gede Budisanjaya, I Wayan Tika, Sumiyati
A06
Application of Bio-system Principles For the Development of Economic and Environmental
Integration Between Upper and Lower Mountainous Area
Author: Sahid Susanto
A07
Application of Bio-System Engineering Principles for the Development of Bio-Landscape
and Soil-Water Conservation Measures at Mountainous Areas
Author: Sahid Susanto
A08
iii
Stomatal Aperture and Potential of Carbon dioxide Absorbtion by Sansevieria trifasciata P.
as Related to Water Stress
Authors: Badi’atun Nihayah, Ngadisih and Muhjidin Mawardi
A09
SRI and Legowo Applications for Increasing Red Rice Productivity
Authors: I Wayan Tika , I Putu Gede Budisanjaya, Sumiyati
A10
Technology Aspect and Feasibility Analysis of Sugarcane Slash Management on dry land
sugarcane Plantation
Authors: Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken Sembiring, dan M.A. Chozin
A11
Pothole Application for Paddy Field on Discharge Simulation of SWAT Program
(Case of Upper Cimanuk Sub Watershed)
Authors: Asep Sapei , Yuli Suharnoto, Sutoyo and Agung Trinanda
A12
Estimating Flood Potential Using Scoring Model-Geographic Information System in a Small
Watershed
Authors: Sitti Nur Faridah, Mahmud Achmad dan Dewi Sartika
A13
Setting up of Knowledge Management Center to Develop Modernization of Irrigation in
Indonesia (Case Study: Bedegolan Irrigation System)
Authors: Rizki Maftukhah, Intan K. Wardani, Murtiningrum, and Sigit Supadmo Arif
A14
Water Stress and its Impact to Soil Thermal of Cocopeat Planting Media on Lidah Mertua
(Sansevieria Trifasciata P.)
Authors: Rahmawati and Ngadisih
A15
Developing knowledge map of irrigation (a case study: Bedegolan Irrigation System)
Authors: Intan K. Wardani, Rizki Maftukhah, Sigit S. Arif, and Murtiningrum
A16
Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Evaluating River Morphology
Authors: Samkele S. Tfwala, Ching-Nuo Chen and Yu-Min Wang
A17
Development of Information System for Planting Pattern Determination in Modernization of
Irrigation System in Indonesia
Authors: Murtiningrum, Edi Subiantoro, and Sigit Supadmo Arif
A18
iv
Implementation of Decision Support System for Monitoring and Evaluation of Performance
in District Cross-Boundary Irrigation System
Authors: Murtiningrum, Sudjarwadi, Rachmad Jayadi, and Putu Sudira
A19
Relationships between rice production and precipitable water from 1980 onwards in Maluku,
Indonesia
Author: Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho
A20
Mulching and Shaping of Soil Surface Profile To Maintain Suitable Soil Moisture for Direct
Seeding of Rice
Authors: I Wayan Astika, Agatha Devi Phina, Gatot Pramuhadi
A21
System of Rice Intesification (SRI) in Individual Pot Scale and its Impact on Nitrate
Distribution
Authors: Ngadisih, Andra Tersiana Wati, Muhjidin Mawardi
A22
SUB THEME: ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE MACHINERY
Effect of Hand Tractor Speed Rate and Tilt Angle of Stubble Blade on Sugarcane Stubble
Cutting Quality
Authors: Syafriandi*,1
, Susi Chairani2, Hendri Syah
B01
Design and Performance of Vacuum Type Seed Metering Device for Precision Soybean
Planter
Authors: Wawan Hermawan, Tineke Mandang, Agus Sutejo and Lenny Saulia
B02
Design of Control System at Drying Process based on Microcontroller
Authors: Guyup Mahardhian Dwi Putra, Diah Ajeng Setiawati
B03
Design Parameters Affecting Air/Liquid Ratio of Air Induction Nozzles
Authors: Sothea Ra, Foad Vashahi, Yong Choi and Jeekeun Lee
B04
Design of Flat-Fan Type Nozzle Tip and Its Spray Characteristics
Authors: Sothea Ra, Foad Vashahi, Yong Choi and Jeekeun Lee
B05
v
Selective Mechanization in Wet Season Rice Cultivation
Authors: AKM Saiful Islam, Youngjung Kim, Md Tariqul Islam, Md Shakilur Rahman, Md
Abdur Rahman
B06
Alternative Meat Slicing Knife Design to Reduce Operator Cutting Force
Authors: Makbul Hajad and Suchada Rianmora
B07
Design and Performance Test of Small Scale Semiautomatic Pineapple Peeling Machine
Authors: M. Muhaemin, T. Herwanto, A. Yusuf, M. Saukat, T. Sagala, N.F. Rahadian, RP
Dewaner
B08
Tribology Characteristic of SCM 440 Bearing Steel in Tractor Under Paraffin Oil and
Nitrogen Lubrication
Authors: Okka Adiyanto,Pandu Sandi Pratama, S.W.Chung,
S.H.Kwon,S.G.Kwon,J.M.Park,J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi
B09
Separation Performance of Oil Palm Mesocarp and Kernel using Different Blade Orientation
Authors: C.J. Vincent1, R. Shamsudin, A.S. Baharuddin, and R. Yunus
B10
Developing Family-Size Biogas-Fueled Electric Generator
Authors: Agus Haryanto, Sugeng Triyono, and Udin Hasanudin
B11
SUB THEME: POSTHARVEST AND FOOD ENGINEERING
Determination of Oil Palm Fruit Rupture Point and Biological Yield Point at Various
Ripening Levels and Before Process Time Delay
Author: Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto
C01
Freshness Maintainance of Rambutan (Naphelium lappaceum L.) by Combination of
Packaging Techniques with Aloe vera L. Based Coating
Authors: Emmy Darmawati, Sutrisno, Rusnaldi, Muhamad Wahyu A, Nelida
C02
vi
Evaluation for Sterilization of Rendang Packaged by Flexible Retort Pouch using Finite
Difference Method
Authors: Anggita Sari Praharasti, Joko Nugroho, Budi Rahardjo, Asep Nurhikmat
C03
Transportation Packaging Design for Papaya (Carica papaya L.) IPB 9
Authors: Mohammad Iqwal Tawakal , Emmy Darmawati
and Sutrisno
C04
Engineeriing of Particle Expansion for Modifying the Particle Density of Cocoa Powders
Authors: S. Achadiyah, and B. Rahardjo
C05
Effects of Particle Density to Floating Distribution and Settlement Rate of Cacao Powder in
Liquid
Authors: S. Achadiyah, B. Rahardjo and G. Supriyanto
C06
Effects of Cold Storage on Quality and Sulfur of Minimally Processed Shallots (Allium
ascolanicum L.) Slices
Authors: Anni Nuraisyah and Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Emmy Darmawati
C07
Effect of Inlet Air Temperature and Velocity on The Agglomeration Process of Maltodextrin
Powder with Fluidized Bed Agglomerator
Authors: Hafiz Fajrin Aditama, Joko Nugroho W.K., and Nursigit Bintoro
C08
Potato Inventory Cost Optimization Based On Shelf Life (Case Study At CV. Bimandiri
Lembang As A Supplier Of Retail Stores)
Authors: Totok Pujianto, Sarifah Nurjanah, Nurrusly Syarip
C09
A Preliminary Study on the Technical Feasibility of the Industrial Production of Resistant
Starch From Cassava Starch in Indonesia
Authors: Andri Harbi Salim and Asaf Kleopas Sugih
C10
Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene and Ethylene Treatment on Ripening Characteristics of the
‘Silver Bell’ Pears
Authors: Bayu Nugraha, Nursigit Bintoro, Joko Nugroho, Akihiro Itai, Hideki Murayama
C11
vii
Heat Transfer Analysis of Heat Exchanger for Additional Heating of the Rack Type Hybrid
Solar Dryer
Authors: Dyah Wulandani and Candra Viki Arnanda
C12
Effect of Discharge and Air Temperature to Physical Properties of Maltodekstrin-Mixed
Stevia Leave Extraction on Drying Process Using Spray Dryer
Authors: Qisthi Sharah and Joko Nugroho
C13
Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Okara Powders in Various Storage Conditions
Authors: Iwan Taruna and Edy Irmanto
C14
Odor mitigation approach for composting of leftover food using clinoptilolite
Authors: Bintang Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa , Yoichiro Kojima
and Shun Hosaka
C15
Characteristics of Cassava (Manihot utilissima) Rice and its Rapid Detection of Aroma Using
E- Nose
Authors: Rudiati Evi Masithoh, Kuwat Triyana and Sabilla Avinda
C16
A Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of Resistant Starch Type III (RS – 3) from Banana
Flour
Authors: Asaf Kleopas Sugih*, Yohanes Irvan Prasethio, and Henky Muljana
C17
A Preliminary Study on the Synthesis of Phosphorylated Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Starch
Authors: Asaf Kleopas Sugih, Amelia Dewi, Devina Yukano, and Henky Muljana
C18
Defect detection on Pontianak citrus using fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Usman Ahmad, Tika Hafzara Siregar, Y. Aris Purwanto, Sutrisno, and Akhiruddin
Maddu
C19
The Viability of Papaya Seeds (Carica papaya, L) Dried Using Hybrid Dryer
Authors: Lestari S. Simanjuntak, Lilik Sutiarso, Devi Yuni Susanti, Sri Rahayoe
C20
viii
Identification of Volatile Odor Compounds and Consumer Acceptance of Mixing Apple,
Pear and Omija Juice
Authors: Mi-Ja Kim, Pandu Sandi Pratama, Destiani Supeno, S.W.Chung,
S.H.Kwon,S.G.Kwon,J.M.Park,J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi
C21
SUB THEME: AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Development of Kansei-based Temperature Control Model for Workstation of Agro-industry
Authors: Mirwan Ushada, Nafis Khuriyati, Tsuyoshi Okayama, Atris Suyantohadi
D01
Magnetic Water Treatment for Improving Eggplants (Solanum molongena-L) Crop Quality
Authors: Hye-Sil Kim, Destiani Supeno, Pandu Sandi Pratama, S.W.Chung, S.H.Kwon,
S.G.Kwon, J.M.Park, J.S.Kim, and Won-Sik Choi
D02
SUB THEME: OTHER TOPIC RELATED TO AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING
Quantification of 2D Lateral Leaf Motion on Mature Plants Foliage using Optical Flow to
Study the Circadian Rhythms
Authors: Andri Prima Nugroho, Takashi Okayasu, Rin-ichiro Taniguchi, Eiji Inoue,
Yasumaru Hirai, Muneshi Mitsuoka, and Lilik Sutiarso
E01
The Effect of Colchicine on Morphology and Number of Chromosome of Binahong Plant
(Anredera cordifolia Tenn. Steenis.)
Authors: Eva Sartini Bayu, Diana Sofia Hanafiah, Olivia Avriyanti Hanafiah, Rosida
Mahyuni
E02
Addition of silver nitrate solution at Pottery Filter to reduce the Content of Escherichia Coli
Bacteria
Authors: Reza Abel, Sophia Dwiratna, Dwi Rustam Kendarto, Chay Asdak
E03
Total Ergonomic Approach to Minimize Environmental Conditions and Work Load in the
Company Workshop
Author: I Nyoman Sucipta
E04
ix
Reducing Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) Concentration with Water Hyacinth Plant (Eichornia
Crassipes Solms) at a Continuous Flow
Author: Rusnam
E05
�Madrini, et al./ISABE Proceedings, 9 – 11 August 2016
C15 - 1
Odor mitigation approach for composting of leftover food usingclinoptilolite
Bintang Madrini*,1 , Sakae Shibusawa2 , Yoichiro Kojima3 and Shun Hosaka4
1 Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran, Badung-Bali, Indonesia2Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture Technology
3National Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science4Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture Technology
Email: bintang_madrini@yahoo.com *
AbstractThis paper presented the odor mitigation approach which is used to reduce ammonia gas. The mitigation methodincluded the use of a leftover food waste as a feedstock, rice hull as a bulking agent amendment mixed within thefeedstock, an adsorbent such as natural zeolite and in enclosures and contained composting. Amounts of 21.8%,31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite were added to the feedstock mixture on a dry mass basis, respectively, and 0% ofclinoptilolite as a control. The addition of 31.5~ 47.2% clinoptilolite to leftover food composting was the optimumdose for the reduction of ammonia emission in leftover food composting. It was demonstrated that clinoptiloliteacted as an adsorbent in the composting of leftover food in granular form.
Keywords: ammonia; clinoptilolite; composting; leftover food; thermophilic.
1. INTRODUCTIONOrganic natural resources are used for
recycling through biochemical processes intocompost, which can be used as a soil improveror organic fertilizer. However, waste processingcan contribute to odor pollution, especially inurban areas. If not managed and utilizedproperly, odor problems cause the closure ofsome composting. Therefore, odor managementis required to minimize the impact and makecomposting more environmentally acceptable.Chemicals that commonly translate to odors incomposting processes include ammonia gas(NH3) and some volatile organic acids (VOA).Zeolite is one material that may reduce ammoniaemission. Earlier studies have shown thatclinoptilolite, and certain other natural zeolitesare effective in removing ammonia fromwastewater (Emadi et al., 2001; Zorpas et al.,1999). However, there are few studies on theeffects of natural zeolites on ammonia reductionduring the thermophilic stage of food wastecomposting. Moreover, this study used foodwaste such as leftover food from school lunches
that was widely available and easy to collect inurban areas. This study was conduct toinvestigate the reduction of ammonia gasemissions that mainly causes odor pollution byclinoptilolite.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODSLeftover food waste was collected from
sixteen primary schools of Fuchu city in Tokyo,and the lunch was managed by the school lunchcenter of Fuchu city. Japanese rice hulls wereadded to achieve a bulk density of less than 496g L-1 as recommended by Oshins, 2006 andhave the nitrogen content of 0.34. Hydrated lime(Ca(OH)2) was used to prepare the acidity of thecomposting. In this experiment, in order toobserve the property of clinoptilolite clearly,only 0.25% of Ca(OH)2 was added as it wasalkaline. About 60 L (60.25 kg) of leftover foodfrom the lunch center was mixed with 120 L(12.5 kg) of rice hulls (volume ratio 1: 2) andadded with 0.25% (0.18 kg) of hydrated lime. Anatural zeolite (clinoptilolite) that has thecommercial name “Itaya Zeolite-13,” was used
�Madrini, et al./ISABE Proceedings, 9 – 11 August 2016
C15 - 2
in this experiment, which was registered by theJapan Fertilizer and Feed Inspection Association.The clinoptilolite was in granular form. It waspassed through a sieve to achieve uniformity ofless than 4 mm. The composting processes wereconducted in the laboratory in closed fermentersof 10-L cylindrical reactors 250 mm in diameterand 270 mm deep. After being well mixed by apower mixer (WPM-70A; Minato ElectricIndustry Co., Ltd, Japan) for 5 minutes, about4.5 kg of the total amount of feedstock mixtureplus clinoptilolite was added to each fermenterwhile the amount of application was limited bythe fermenter size. The feedstock mixture wasdivided into twelve portions. The twelveportions consisted of three repetitions;repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run1=CL 0 %),repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run2=CL 21.8 %),repetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run3=CL 31.5 %), andrepetitions 1, 2 and 3 (Run4=CL 47.2 %) withclinoptilolite on a dry mass basis, respectively.
�
Figure 1 Leftover foods for reactorcomposting.
Tabel 1. Initial characteristics of feedstock mixture.�
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONThe experiment of each repetitions 1, 2 and
3(Run1=CL 0%), repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run2=CL 21.8%), repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run3=CL 31.5%), and repetitions 1, 2 and3(Run4=CL 47.2%) clinoptilolite indicated thetemperature of each validation data set wereobserved lower (< 65 ºC). Increasing the amountof clinoptilolite in the clinoptiloliteconcentration groups (Run2, Run3 and Run4)also did not affect the decreasing temperature.The averages of maximum temperatures were
57.8, 58.7, 55.1, and 61.6 ºC for 0%, 21.8%,31.5% and 47.2% of clinoptilolite content,respectively. The ammonia emission of each setfor repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run1=CL 0%),repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run2=CL 21.8%),repetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run3=CL 31.5%), andrepetitions 1, 2 and 3(Run4=CL 47.2%)clinoptilolite shown in Figure 2~ 5. Maximumof ammonia emission 317, 719, 238, 217 ppm(for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4 respectively)and average of ammonia emission 141, 186, 117,103 ppm (for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4respectively) were observed. The ammonia gasemission was observed approaching 80, 67, 99,33 ppm for Run1, Run2, Run3, and Run4respectively from the maximum temperature.
Figure 2 Evolution of ammonia emissions for
Run1=CL 0%.
�
Figure 3 Evolution of ammonia emissions for
Run2=CL 21.8%.
�Madrini, et al./ISABE Proceedings, 9 – 11 August 2016
C15 - 3
�
Figure 4 Evolution of ammonia emissions for
Run3=CL 31.5%.
�
Figure 5 Evolution of ammonia emissions for
Run4=CL 47.2%.
Figure 6 illustrated the effect oftemperature on the ammonia gas (NH3)concentration and clinoptilolite mixing ratio.The experiment was observed average of 9.82,25.18, 7.59, and 9.63 g/ kgVS for Run1, Run2,Run3, and Run4, respectively. The ammoniaemission rate decreased with the clinoptilolitedose. From the experiment was shown that, the21.8% clinoptilolite treatment observed a higherlevel of ammonia emission rate in the highclinoptilolite addition groups, and also showedless stability of volatile solid degradation. In thecase of Run (31.5%) and (47.2%), ammoniaemission rates were less than 20% of Run (0%)that had no clinoptilolite application in the firstexperiment, however more than 50% wasobserved.
The initial pH 5.2 of thefeedstockmixturestill remained at lower levels of acidityof the test materials even when Ca(OH)2 wasadded, in order to reach a pH value of 5.5~8.5suggested as the optimum by Bertoldi et al.(1983). The material temperature in all
treatments successfully reached the conditionlevel at which the fermentation process wasactivated. There was a tendency for the increaseof clinoptilolite to accelerate/smooth ammoniaemission without disturbing the decompositionprocess. Stentiford (1996) suggested that atemperature between 35~40ºC maximized themicrobial diversity in the composting process.Frequently, zeolite as clinoptilolite was used as asoil conditioner. Although it depends on the soilcharacteristics, the application rate of zeolitewas several tons per 0.1 ha. In contrast, compostwas applied to farms at the same levels as zeolite.In this study, almost the same amount ofclinoptilolite as the feedstock mixture wasmixed in Run 4, which observed the leastammonia emission.
Figure 6 Effect of clinoptilolite mixing ratio onammonia emission rate.
CONCLUSSIONS
Significant differences in the temperatureprofiles were confirmed among the conditions ofthe thermophilic stages of each treatment.However, the temperature in each treatment didnot tend to decrease especially for the highclinoptilolite addition groups (21.8%, 31.5% and47.2%) due to a weak fermented state by a lowermoisture content. Gradual decreases of ammoniawere observed in CL 31.5% clinoptilolite forRun 3 and CL 47.2% clinoptilolite for Run 4.
�Madrini, et al./ISABE Proceedings, 9 – 11 August 2016
C15 - 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our utmost appreciation tocolleagues, members of the National Agricultureand Food Research Organization (NARO), andthe NARO Institute of Livestock and GrasslandScience (NILGS) that have contributed to thiswork with valuable information. We also expressour thanks to Dr. Koichi Amaha and Dr.Yoshiyuki Abe.
REFERENCES
Bertoldi, M., Vallini, G., Pera, A., 1983.Thebiology of composting waste manage. Res. 1,157-176.
Emadi, H., Nezhad, J.E., and Pourbagher, H.,2001: In vitro Comparison of Zeolite(Clinoptilolite) and Activated Carbon asAmmonia Absorbants in Fish Culture. Naga,The ICLARM Quarterly, 24, 1-2.
Oshins, C., 2006: Composting Process. In OnFarm Composting Handbook, 2nd Edition,Northern Regional Agricultural EngineeringService, Ithaca, NY.
Stentiford, E.T., 1996. Composting Control:Principles and Practice. In: DeBertoldi, M.,Sequi, P., Lemmes, B., Papi, T. (Eds.), TheScience of Composting. Chapman & Hall, pp.49–59.
Zorpas, A.A., Vlyssides, A.G., and Loizidou,M., 1999: Dewatered Anaerobically-stabilized Primary Sewage SludgeComposting: Metal Leachability and Uptakeby Natural Clinoptilolite. Communicationsin Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30, 1603-1613.
Recommended