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Risk management. 65. Guatemala, 2005. This session will look at how risks from hazards are managed and can be mitigated. 30 minutes. Session objectives. !. The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
p
30 minutes
This session will look at how risks from hazards are managed and can be mitigated
Risk management65
Guatemala, 2005
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards
2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population
3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures !
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Session objectives
!The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards
2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population
3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Risk is expressed by the notation
Hazards x Vulnerability = Riske.g. landslide x high-risk location = damaged house
Hazard: a natural or man-made event causing damage
Vulnerability: the conditions which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
Risk: the probability of harmful consequences
Defining riskwww.unisdr.org
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Risks must be mapped for all of the transitional settlement and reconstruction options of displaced and non-displaced populations affected by conflict and natural disaster:
Displaced & non-displaced populations
Displaced populations Non-displaced populations
Occupancy with no legal status
House tenant
Apartment tenant
Land tenant
Apartment owner-occupier
House owner-occupier
Host families
Urban self-settlement
Rural self-settlement
Collective centres
Self-settled camps
Planned camps
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.
Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:
Type 1: security hazards
Type 2: natural hazards
Types of hazards
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.
Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:
Type 1: security hazards
Type 2: natural hazards
Types of hazards
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
There are two basic types of security hazards: ongoing conflictsand potential conflicts
Security hazards include:
• communal violence
• civil unrest
• conflict resources
• sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
• wars
• ethnic conflicts
Type 1: Security hazards
Conflicts may occur in areas suffering from natural disasters
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Recognising security hazards
There are many potential hazards particularly associated with conflicts, that all pose significant and variable levels of risk to the built environment
1. Hazards associated with low intensity conflicts
• vandalism and arson
• small arms fire, artillery and rocket fire, aerial bombardment
• area denial weapons e.g. mines, booby traps
• UXOs (Unexploded Ordinance) or MECs (Munitions and Explosives of Concern)
2. Additional hazards associated with high intensity conflicts
• high powered weapons: cluster munitions, depleted uranium
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Proximity to security threats
The location of a building may mean it is particularly vulnerable to either direct or indirect damage:
• proximity to the front line of a conflict
• a building that occupies a strategically important territory may become a direct target for direct military attack
• UNHCR recommends that camps for refugees be set back at least 50km from any international border, following the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention:
‘…it is recommended that they (IDPs or refugees) be settled at a reasonable distance from international borders as well as other potentially sensitive areas such a military installations…’
Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR, 2007)
www.unhcr.org
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster.
Emergency risk assessment and management should cover thetwo major types of hazards:
Type 1: security hazards
Type 2: natural hazards
Types of hazards
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
p Type 2: Natural hazards
Natural disasters are often caused by a combination of hazards, e.g. earthquakes and fires
Natural disasters may occur in insecure environments
Hydro-meteorological
Geological Biological
floods
landslides
cyclones
fires
earthquakes
tsunamis
volcanoes
epidemic diseases
plant or animalcontagion
insect plagues andextensive infestations
68
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
World distribution of disasters by type (1991-2005)
Type 2: Natural hazards
Source: EM-DAT Emergency events data-base
Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters(United Nations, 2008)
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
p Session objectives
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards
2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population
3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures !
217
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
The objective is to develop with the participation of communities a risk map that integrates:
Develop a risk map
• hazard assessment• vulnerability assessment
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
5 variables to help assess hazards:
1. frequencye.g. is there a seasonal pattern?
2. magnitude or intensitye.g. what is a ‘normal’ vs. ‘extreme’ circumstance?
3. duratione.g. how long will flood waters remain?
4. area of extente.g. where are the high, medium and low risk areas?
5. speed of onsete.g. does the hazard occur rapidly without warning?
Hazard assessmentNicaragua, 2007
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Example of zones of housing damage, and population movements between zones, following an earthquake
The vulnerability of the affected population should be assessed and depends upon:
where you are who you are
• earthquake – e.g. proximity to epicentre
• flood – e.g. elevation
• cyclone – e.g. exposure
• fire – e.g. drought regions
• displaced populations• low-income populations• high-risk locations• poor-quality buildings• marginal groups
Vulnerability assessmentTransitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters(United Nations, 2008)
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
The vulnerability of a population depends on their capacity to cope with hazards
Their livelihoods assets should be taken into account:
• human capital - people’s existing capacities and transfer of skills from the aid community
• social capital - quality of relationship between beneficiaries and aid agencies
• natural capital - preservation of the local environment (eg. measures taken to reduce the consumption of fuel wood)
• physical capital - availability of materials and workforce for reconstruction
• financial capital - availability and timing of funds
Vulnerability and livelihoods assetsTransitional Settlement: Displaced Populations(Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Risk mapping
Risk mapping needs to be maintained and developed as part of a plan for risk management
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
The key learning objectives of this session are to form anunderstanding of:
1. security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards
2. risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population
3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures
Session objectives
!
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Traditional existing risk management mechanisms often exist for:
• construction
• sites
• materials
• community response
• early warning
These different mechanisms need to be:
• identified
• understood
• supported
Existing risk managementIndonesia, 2005
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Supporting sustainable risk management mechanisms to preventfuture disasters requires the involvement of all stakeholdersincluding the population, industry and government.
The role of external agencies is to support indigenous capacityand work with communities to support their efforts and buildtheir capacities.
Risk management and mitigation measures could include:
• regulationse.g. improved planning codes
• educatione.g. technical inspectors and information centres
• incentivese.g. subsidies for safer construction
Supporting risk managementGuatemala, 2005
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Discussion
Plan the steps that you would take in developing with a community a sustainable hazard map.
step 1. …
step 2. …
step 3. …
step 4. …
Key point
Each group agrees a key point
Discussionin groups
Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16th–18th November, 2008based on content developed bybased on content developed by
Bibliography
‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007)
‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’ (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)
‘Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction’ (Benson and Twigg, 2007)
www.unisdr.org
www.proventionconsortium.org/CRA_toolkit
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