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Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Bonding Properties of Carbon
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
1
2 3, 4
Structure of carbon-based molecules…
• Three general types:
1. straight chain
H H Cl H H | | | | | H - C- C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H 3-chloropentane
Structure of carbon-based molecules…
• Three general types:
2. Branched chain
Structure of carbon-based molecules…
• Three general types:
3. Ring
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many monomers.
Four Types of Carbon-
Based Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids ALL four are found in LIVING things.
Carbohydrates
• Organic molecules made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
• Includes sugars and starches
• Pasta, bread, and fruit are high in carbohydrates
Structure of Carbohydrates
• Monomer • Monosaccharides
– “saccharide” means sugar
– simple sugars
– Glucose, galactose, fructose
Structure of Carbohydrates
• Disaccharide
• Two monosaccharide molecules bonded together
• Sucrose, or table sugar, made of one glucose and one fructose molecule
Structure of Carbohydrates
• Polymer • Polysaccharides
– Chains of monosaccharides
– starches, cellulose, and glycogen
Function of Carbohydrates
• Can be broken down to provide energy for cells. – Glucose-main source of energy
for cells, product of photosynthesis
• Provide us with energy – Sugar rush then crash
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. – Cellulose-makes up the cell wall
of plant cells
LIPIDS • Organic molecules made
of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
• Nonpolar molecules –Do not dissolve in water
• Include fats, oils, cholesterol, and wax
Structure of Lipids
• Fatty acids bonded to glycerol. – Glycerol-3 hydroxyl
groups – Fatty acids-long carbon
chains Two different types of
fatty acids found in fats and oils: oSaturated fatty acids oUnsaturated fatty
acids
Two Types of Fatty Acids
Functions of Lipids • Used for long term energy
storage
• Make up cell membranes – Phospholipid bilayer
• Used to make hormones – Testosterone (males) & estrogen
(females)
• Insulate and waterproof organisms – Cutin-waxy substance that
coats leaves of plants to help prevent water loss
Lipid Polymer-Phospholipid
• Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids (nonpolar tails) and a phosphate group (polar head of molecule)
• Makes up ALL cell membranes
Lipid Polymer-Triglycerides
• Consists of glycerol and three fatty acids
• Type of fat found in your blood.
– Your body uses them for energy.
• You need some triglycerides for good health.
– But high triglycerides can raise your risk of heart disease and may be a sign of metabolic syndrome
Nucleic Acids
• EXTREMELY long carbon-based molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP)
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Monomer – Nucleotide
• made of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
• 5 kinds: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, & Uracil
• Polymers – DNA-Deoxyribonuleic
Acid
– RNA-Ribonucleic Acid
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
• DNA stores genetic information
• RNA builds proteins using information from DNA
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