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©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Teaching Culture and Community in Primary Care: Teaching Culturally Appropriate Communication Skills
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
1. Understand the middle stages of the cultural sensitivity ladder
2. Explain concept of patient-centered interviewing and the LEARN communication tool
3. Facilitate skill building as students move beyond minimization
By the end of this module, trainees will be able to:
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
Cultural Sensitivity ScaleCultural Sensitivity Scale
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Needs AssessmentNeeds Assessment
• Focus your teaching on learner’s cultural sensitivity level
• At egocentric stages, attempt to explore values and raise awareness
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
MINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATION
Cultural Sensitivity ScaleCultural Sensitivity Scale
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
MINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATION
MINIMIZATION
Learner acknowledges that cultural difference exists, but views it as unimportant against a backdrop of basic human similarity.
“I don’t see this culture stuff as important. It’s simple, just treat people with respect and there won’t be any problems.”
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
POTENTIAL EGOCENTRIC REACTIONPOTENTIAL EGOCENTRIC REACTION
“I tried to help these people and they ended up walking out on me.”
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Objectives for minimization stageObjectives for minimization stage
• Debunk that “common sense” is common
• Discuss that “respect” may be different in other cultures
• Help move them forward and prevent sliding back after “tripping up”.
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE(Empathy, Integration, Celebration)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralization, Superiority)
MINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATION
ACCEPTANCEACCEPTANCE
“The learner respects that being attentive to cultural issues is an important component of a satisfactory provider-patient encounter.”
Cultural Sensitivity ScaleCultural Sensitivity Scale
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Student needs at acceptance Student needs at acceptance stagestage
• Learners can be overwhelmed by the immense scope of information with a variety of cultures
“I’m having a difficult enough time learning medicine, how can you expect me to learn this culture stuff too?”
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Objective to meet this need
• Attend to the need of feeling overwhelmed with empathy
• Frame the opportunity to learn about other cultures
• Teach a framework for obtaining cultural information generically
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Student needs at acceptance Student needs at acceptance stagestage
• WARNING! DANGEROUS STAGE
• Focus on knowledge can foster stereotyping and assumption of causation
“I bet that mother thought her child was suffering from empacho and didn’t bring him in for evaluation because of this.”
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Objective to meet needObjective to meet need
• Teach the difference between generalizing and stereotyping
• The patient should be the source for learning about their cultural identities
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
CULTURALLY SENSITIVECULTURALLY SENSITIVE
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralizing, Superiority)
CULTURALLY EGOCENTRIC(Fear, Overgeneralizing, Superiority)
MINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATION
ACCEPTANCEACCEPTANCE
EMPATHYEMPATHY
How do you spell success?How do you spell success?
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Patient Centered InterviewingPatient Centered Interviewing
• Patients as experts about themselves and their own culture
• Patient as a partner with the caregiver
• Growing evidence:– Better satisfaction– Better outcomes
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
The LEARN MnemonicThe LEARN Mnemonic
• LISTEN actively with respect• ELICIT the health beliefs of the patient• ASSESS priorities, values and supports• RECOMMEND a plan of action with
adequate explanation and understanding
• NEGOTIATE by involving the patient in next steps and decisions
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
LISTENINGLISTENING
• Appropriate greetings• Interpreter?• Open ended questions• Avoid interruption
Could you please tell me your reason for the visit today?
How can I help you today?
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
ELICITING Patient’s PerspectiveELICITING Patient’s Perspective
• What worries you the most?
• Are you afraid that you might have something serious?
• What do you think has caused your problem?
• Why do you think it started when it did?
• How can I be most helpful to you?
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
ASSESSING: Values, supports, ASSESSING: Values, supports, needs and prioritiesneeds and priorities
• Medicine in the US may be foreign.
• Decision maker may be family or elder.
• Deference to the professional
I’d like to get to know you more today. Could you tell me about yourself?
What brought you here to this country?
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Ask about:
• Control over the environment• Change in the environment• Social stressors and support network• Literacy and language
Social Context Review of Social Context Review of SystemsSystems
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
RECOMMEND a plan of actionRECOMMEND a plan of action
• Physicians tend to:– Underestimate the
desire for information– Use language that
patients do not understand
To make sure that we understand one another, can you tell me what it is that I explained to you?
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
NNEGOTIATE: EGOTIATE: Involve your patient in decisionsInvolve your patient in decisions
• What are your ideas about what should happen next?
• Involving the patient in care is shown to improve:– Satisfaction
– Compliance
– Improved clinical outcomes
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Teaching LEARN:Teaching LEARN:Use all of the teaching stylesUse all of the teaching styles
• Assertive: “Have you heard about the LEARN interview? Let me give a 3 minute summary of the technique….”
• Suggestive: “Would it be helpful to understanding Mr. Saq’s non-adherence to know what he thinks about Western medicine?”
• Collaborative: “She won’t consent to the lumbar puncture? What do we know about her thinking on that?”
• Facilitative: “How do you think her culture is playing into her decision to forego further treatment?”
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Teaching LEARN:Teaching LEARN:Modeling with the POSEModeling with the POSE
• Be specific in POSEing the question:
“I’m going to try to get at her health beliefs with some questions about her background. Let me know what you think worked in the process”.
©2003 Community Faculty Development Center
Teaching LEARN:Teaching LEARN:Acknowledge riskAcknowledge risk
• There is a chance of misunderstanding
• Empathize with the difficulty, highlight the benefit.
“I think that this is a very challenging situation. Sometimes, I really feel like I don’t understand what the patients are thinking.”
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