2 divisions of the nervous system PNS – Peripheral Nervous System CNS – Central Nervous System...

2 divisions of the nervous system

• PNS – Peripheral Nervous System

• CNS – Central Nervous System– brain, spinal cord

brain

• 3 main divisions of brain

– hindbrain; midbrain; forebrain

hindbrain

• a number of important fiber tracts project through the hindbrain into higher brain regions

hindbrain

• a number of important fiber tracts project through the hindbrain into higher brain regions– medulla

hindbrain

• a number of important fiber tracts project through the hindbrain into higher brain regions– Medulla

• Reticular formation – NE; locus coerulus - 5-HT (serotonin); raphe nuclei

medulla

hindbrain

hindbrain

• a number of important fiber tracts project through the hindbrain into higher brain regions– medulla

– Pons• -raphe -

hindbrain

• a number of important fiber tracts project through the hindbrain into higher brain regions– medulla

– pons

– cerebellum

medulla

hindbrain

midbrain

• Sensory information

• Reward– Ventral tegmental area

• movement

– substantia nigra -

forebrain

• cerebral cortex

• subcortical structures

forebrain

• Cerebral cortex

– role of convolutions

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

• frontal

frontal

parietal

temporal occipital

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

• frontal

• parietal

frontal

parietal

temporal occipital

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

frontal

parietal

temporal occipital

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

• occipital

frontal

parietal

temporal occipital

Some subcortical structures

• thalamus

The thalamus communicates with much of the cerebral cortex - serving as a sensory and motor information relay.

Some subcortical structures

• thalamus • hypothalamus

– important for hormonal release– also major DA projections

Some subcortical structures

• thalamus • hypothalamus• limbic system

– important for emotion; learning and memory; reward; major DA pathway

Some subcortical structures

• thalamus • hypothalamus• limbic system• basal ganglia

– important for movement; major DA pathway that originates at substantia nigra terminates here

30http://brainmind.com/BrainMaps5.html

Major DA pathways

• mesolimbic – reward, emotion, etc• nigrostriatal – important for movement;

Parkinsons Disease – degeneration of the DA neurons in this pathway

• tuberofundibular - hypothalamus

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NE – arousal, depression, also the NT in part of the sympathetic NS

5HT – imp in sleep, depression, aggression (maybe)

basal forebrain, hippocampal, midbrain nuclei

PNS – neuromuscular junction, sympathetic ns, parasympathetic ns