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1
Overview of Financial Management and the
Financial Environment
Main Source:BE Chapter 1
2
Company’s Objective
Maximization of shareholders’ wealth,
Maximization company’s value by maximization free cash flows and
minimization cost of capital. See Figure 1.1. (BE) Watch carefully: Market price of
company’s stock.
3
Determinants of Free Cash Flows
Sales revenues Operating costs (raw materials, labor,
etc.) and taxes Required investments in operations
(buildings, machines, inventory, etc.)
4
What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average rate of return required by all of the company’s investors (stockholders and creditors)
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What factors affect the weighted average cost of capital?
Capital structure (the firm’s relative amounts of debt and equity)
Interest rates Risk of the firm Stock market investors’ overall
attitude toward risk
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What determines a firm’s value?
A firm’s value is the sum of all the future expected free cash flows when converted into today’s dollars:
)WACC1(
FCF....
)WACC1(
FCF
)WACC1(
FCFValue
22
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The Markets
Two groups: Real (tangible) markets for physical
assets Financial markets for financial
instruments Money markets Capital markets
See table 1-1 for major financial instruments
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Financial institutions
Capital formation process(See fig 1-2 (BE) for the diagram of capital formation
process) Direct transfers Indirect transfers, through
investment bankers financial intermediaries
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What are financial assets?
A financial asset is a contract that entitles the owner to some type of payoff. Debt Equity Derivatives
In general, each financial asset involves two parties, a provider of cash (i.e., capital) and a user of cash.
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Who are the providers (savers) and users (borrowers) of capital?
Households: Net savers Non-financial corporations: Net
users (borrowers) Governments: Net borrowers Financial corporations: Slightly
net borrowers, but almost breakeven
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Direct transfer (e.g., corporation issues commercial paper to insurance company)
Through an investment banking house (e.g., IPO, seasoned equity offering, or debt placement)
Through a financial intermediary (e.g., individual deposits money in bank, bank makes commercial loan to a company)
What are three ways that capital is transferred between savers and borrowers?
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Commercial banks Savings & Loans, mutual savings
banks, and credit unions Life insurance companies Mutual funds Pension funds
What are some financial intermediaries?
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The Top 5 Banking Companiesin the World, 12/2001
Bank Name Country
Citigroup U.S.
Deutsche Bank AG Germany
Credit Suisse Switzerland
BNP Paribas France
Bank of America U.S.
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What are some types of markets?
A market is a method of exchanging one asset (usually cash) for another asset.
Physical assets vs. financial assets Spot versus future markets Money versus capital markets Primary versus secondary markets
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How are secondary markets organized? By “location”
Physical location exchanges Computer/telephone networks
By the way that orders from buyers and sellers are matched Open outcry auction Dealers (i.e., market makers) Electronic communications networks
(ECNs)
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Physical Location vs. Computer/telephone Networks
Physical location exchanges: e.g., NYSE, AMEX, CBOT, Tokyo Stock Exchange
Computer/telephone: e.g., Nasdaq, government bond markets, foreign exchange markets
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The Cost of Money
Interest rate (the “price of money”) is an interaction point between money supply and money demand.
Determinants: Production opportunities Time preferences for consumption Risk Inflation
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What do we call the price, or cost, of debt capital?
The interest rate
What do we call the price, or cost, of equity capital?
Required Dividend Capital return yield gain= + .
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Real versus Nominal Rates
r* = Real risk-free rate. T-bond rate if no inflation; 1% to 4%.
= Any nominal rate.
= Rate on Treasury securities.
r
rRF
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r = r* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP.
Here: r = Required rate of return on
a debt security. r* = Real risk-free rate. IP = Inflation premium.DRP = Default risk premium. LP = Liquidity premium.MRP = Maturity risk premium.
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Premiums Added to r* for Different Types of Debt
ST Treasury: only IP for ST inflation LT Treasury: IP for LT inflation, MRP ST corporate: ST IP, DRP, LP LT corporate: IP, DRP, MRP, LP
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Financial Management
How to run firm financially to achieve the objective, under a certain condition of financial environment.
Main elements of financial environment: Financial markets Financial institutions Financial regulations
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