1.A Parts of Speech

GRAMMAR: Parts of Speech

After After completing completing this tutorial, this tutorial, you willyou will

apply your apply your knowledge of the knowledge of the parts of speech to parts of speech to understand the understand the English principles English principles that will help you to that will help you to write better.write better.

Let’s identify the basic tools of a Let’s identify the basic tools of a language: the parts of speechlanguage: the parts of speech

NOUNS NOUNS namename

skiing

studying management

birthday

week today

life

death birth

dependability

honesty persistenceinchyard

computerstationery

cup

duck pig

owl

NOUNSNOUNS namename

singerstudentexecutive

city home

college

CommonCommon NOUNS NOUNS begin begin with lowercase letters.with lowercase letters.

NOUNSNOUNS tell who/whom or what. tell who/whom or what.

ProperProper NOUNS NOUNS name specificname specific

and begin and begin with capital with capital lettersletters

Dr. Shah Mr. AhmedSaira George Washington

Business Department

Karachi

FidoMemorial Day

IndiaWhite House

A A PRONOUNPRONOUN is a word is a word used as a noun substitute:used as a noun substitute:

II me

which

allsome

AA VERBVERB

• Action verbs -- eat, love, count, runAction verbs -- eat, love, count, run• Being (and helping) verbs -- be, am, Being (and helping) verbs -- be, am,

seemseem• ““Possession verbs” -- has, have, Possession verbs” -- has, have,

had (double as helpers)had (double as helpers)

Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and Adverbs

adjectivesadjectives tell something about tell something about a noun or pronouna noun or pronounthe kinds of the kinds of

adjectives adjectives are:are:

pointingpointing, , descriptivedescriptive, , articlesarticles, , limitinglimiting

I like I like thosethose expensive, blueexpensive, blue shoes shoes because they are because they are comfortablecomfortable and go with and go with thethe mostmost outfits . outfits .

when Today we must begin work.

how Sara proceeded rapidly to work.

where Did you see the schedule there?

to what extent

The prosecutor did not question him further.

Adverbs modify (describe or limit) verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They add information about

other words or groups of words.other words or groups of words.Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions join words or join words or

groups of words that groups of words that areare equal. equal.We met at the junction of FifthWe met at the junction of Fifth andand Elm Streets.Elm Streets. Subordinating Subordinating (dependent)(dependent) conjunctions conjunctions

join words or groups of words that join words or groups of words that aren’taren’t equal. equal.We studied Chapter 1 many hoursWe studied Chapter 1 many hours becausebecause we we

want a good grammar foundation.want a good grammar foundation.

PrepositionsPrepositions join nouns join nouns and pronouns to other and pronouns to other words in a sentence. words in a sentence.

Your cat is Your cat is underunder the chair. the chair.

Go Go throughthrough the door. the door.

Sit Sit besidebeside me. me.

I’m going I’m going toto Hawaii. Hawaii.

Prepositions show relationships. See how Prepositions show relationships. See how the preposition changes the relation of the preposition changes the relation of “object” (Mr. Lee) to verb (talked):“object” (Mr. Lee) to verb (talked):

Ellen often talked Ellen often talked with Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.

Ellen often talked Ellen often talked about Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.

Ellen often talked Ellen often talked to Mr. Lee.Mr. Lee.

See how the meaning has changed?See how the meaning has changed?

express strong feelings.express strong feelings.

Let’s review!Let’s review!Identify what the words are Identify what the words are in the next sentence.in the next sentence.Are theyAre they

NOUNSVERBS

CONJUNCTIONS

PREPOSITIONS

ADJECTIVES

ADVERBSPRONOUNS

EXCLAMATIONS

The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.• The brown = adjectivesThe brown = adjectives• puppy = nounpuppy = noun• is = verbis = verb• by = prepositionby = preposition• the = adjective (article)the = adjective (article)• bed = nounbed = noun

The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.• and = conjunctionand = conjunction• he = pronounhe = pronoun• is = verbis = verb• chewing = verbchewing = verb• furiously = adverbfuriously = adverb• on = prepositionon = preposition

The brown puppy is by the bed, The brown puppy is by the bed, and he is chewing furiously on and he is chewing furiously on that new toy.that new toy.

• that = adjective (pointing)that = adjective (pointing)• new = adjective (descriptive)new = adjective (descriptive)• toy = nountoy = noun

Noun SuffixesNoun Suffixes -age (usage, heritage, wastage)-age (usage, heritage, wastage) -ance (tolerance, elegance, relevance)-ance (tolerance, elegance, relevance) -cracy (democracy, autocracy, theocracy)-cracy (democracy, autocracy, theocracy) -cy (decency, insurgency, vacancy) -cy (decency, insurgency, vacancy) -dom (freedom, wisdom)-dom (freedom, wisdom) -ence (preference, reverence, dependence)-ence (preference, reverence, dependence) -er-er (settler, writer, banker, prayer)(settler, writer, banker, prayer) -ary/ery (delivery, infirmary)-ary/ery (delivery, infirmary) -graph/-graphy (photograph, photography)-graph/-graphy (photograph, photography) -hood (childhood, motherhood, falsehood)-hood (childhood, motherhood, falsehood)

-ia (aphasia, euphoria) -ia (aphasia, euphoria) -ice (cowardice)-ice (cowardice) -ics (aerobics, physics)-ics (aerobics, physics) -ing (pleading, swimming)-ing (pleading, swimming) -ism (capitalism, globalism)-ism (capitalism, globalism) -ity-ity (utility, rarity, intensity)(utility, rarity, intensity) -logy (geology, biology)-logy (geology, biology) -ment (arrangement, development)-ment (arrangement, development) -ness (kindnes, happiness)-ness (kindnes, happiness) -ship (friendship, fellowship, intern ship)-ship (friendship, fellowship, intern ship) -sion- (admission, decision, revision)-sion- (admission, decision, revision) -tion (interruption, reduction)-tion (interruption, reduction) -tory (trajectory, inventory)-tory (trajectory, inventory) -try (chemistry, -try (chemistry,

Adjective SuffixesAdjective Suffixes

-able-able-al-al -ant-ant -ible -ical-ible -ical