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Romanticism #1
19th Century English Literature
Historical Background
Historical Contexts1780-1830
1776 the American Revolution 1789 the French revolutionsWars of national independence in Poland, Spain, Greece, and elsewhere
changed from an agricultural society to an industrial one
The French Revolution
Class ConflictThree Estates (the Old Regime)
First: clergy (1%) largest landowner, tax exemption
Second: nobility (2%) best positions in government and army, tax exemptionThird: everyone else (97%) heavy taxation, feudal dues
http://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Purpose+of+the+Three+Estates+JHK
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830
http://www.griseldaonline.it/percorsi/5allegro_foto10.htm
Two Stages The Moderate Stage: 1789-1791 The Radical Stage: 1792-1794
The Moderate StageMay/June, 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General.
June/July, 1789 Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly.
June, 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court, the inaugural moment of the French Revolution
July 14, 1789 the fall of the Bastille, symbol of the king’s tyranny
http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/Europe/european__history_and_culture.htm
The Radical Stage1792-94 The Second French Revolution
1792 The monarchy was abolished and a republic established. Louis XVI was placed on trial and executed in 1793.
The Radical Stage1792-94 The Reign of Terror: 1793 The Jacobins rose to power. Maximilién Robespierre (1758-1794), the fanatic leader of the Jacobins, considered terror necessary. He urged harsh treatment for enemies of the republic. As many as 40,000 people died during the Terror.
The Guillotine http://i122.photobucket.com/albums/o270/Zappanose/guillotine.jpg
Execution of Louis XVI, http://burell9history.wikispaces.com/Robespierre's+Journal++Jan+21+1793
Execution of Robespierre, http://static.desktopnexus.com/thumbnails/193987-bigthumbnail.jpg
After the Revolution
1795-1799: The Directory
1799-1815: Napoleon
The Directory
A board of 5 menNapoleon Bonarparte seized control of the new republican government in 1799.
Napoleon Bonaparte1799-1804: Consolidating Authority
1799 First Consul1801 Concordat with the pope
1802 Consul for life1804 Crowned himself emperor
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Great Saint Bernard Pass, 1800 http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/Europe/european__history_and_culture.htm
Jacques-Louis David. Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine on 2 December 1804. 1808. http://web.lincoln.k12.mi.us/buildings/ms/adams/Napoleon_coronation.jpg
Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne 1806 http://www.internetstones.com/image-files/coronation-of-napoleon-bonaparte-emperor-of-france.jpg
Napoleon Bonaparte1806-1815: Napoleon’s downfall
1806 The Continental System
1808 Invaded Spain1812 Invaded Russia1814 Abdication1815 Exile
http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/images/map-nap-war1812.gif
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/Projects/cov/images/napoleon%20empire.png
Jean-Léon Gérôme, Napoleon and His General Staff in Egypt, 1867
http://www.oceansbridge.com/paintings/museums/hermitage/Gerome%20Jean-Leon-xx-Napoleon%20in%20Egypt-xx-1863.jpg
http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Horne-GreatMenFamousWomen/241-Napoleon-and-the-Sphinx-q75-500x299.jpg
Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1799 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/jaffa1.jpg
Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1804 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/jaffa2.jpg
Francisco Goya. The Third of May, 1808.
http://www4.gvsu.edu/pozzig/european_civ2/images/goya.jpg
http://www.memo.fr/article.asp?ID=JJR_000
Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712-1778“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
“Take the course opposite to custom and you will almost always do well.”
“I may not be better than other people, but at least I'm different.”
"The world of reality has its limits; the world of imagination is boundless."
Sturm und Drang1760s-1780sOriginally it’s the title of a 1776 play
about the American Revolution.Translations: “storm and stress”,
“storm and urge”, “passion and energy”, “energy and rebellion”, 狂飆運動
Anti-enlightenment: Storm—the sublimeStress/urge—emotions
http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/Images/db/wiss/goethe/schnellkurs_goethe/k_3/werthers_tod.jpghttp://
books.gigaimg.com/avaxhome/avaxhome/2008-05-20/sdwe32.jpg
English Romanticism
Two GenerationsFirst generation
BlakeWordsworth
Coleridge
Second generation
ShelleyKeatsByron
Two Generations(1) Age: The second generation all died relatively young.
oShelley—a month before his 30th birthday
oByron—36oKeats—26
Two Generations(2) Social backgrounds:
First generation:oBlake—working classoWordsworth and Coleridge—middle class
Second generation:oKeats—lower middle classoByron inherited a title and estate at 10.
oShelley was heir to a baronetcy 爵 .
Two Generations(3) Historical experience:
First: wartime literature There were revolutions across Europe in the 1790s.
Fear of revolution and the conditions of war led to suppression of public meetings and censorship.
Wordsworth and Coleridge turned away from their initial sympathy with the French revolution to opposition to it.
Two Generations(3) Historical experience:
Second: post-war alliancesAfter the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, nationalist movements sprang up across Europe.
Shelley, Keats and Byron all accused Coleridge and Wordsworth of ‘apostasy 變節’ , that is, of having changed sides.
Byron and Shelley both had links with such radical groups. Both chose to live in exile.
Main FeaturesNeo-classicism vs. Romanticism
NeoclassicismReason /clarity / order /restraint
Moral / virtue / truthSimple / austere / monumental
Balanced /symmetric / geometric
Chiswick House, west London, Richard Boyle, 1729 http://www.london-architecture.info/LO-004.htm
http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/Quarenghi_smolny.jpg
The White House, 1790s, http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/USA-Washington/DC-001.htm
Thomas Jefferson, University of Virginia, 1819-26
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/Jeffersn.html
Neoclassical Gardens
The overriding impression of such gardens is of man's tyranny over nature.
http://static1.unlike.net/system/photos/0022/4524/0.jpg?1230482155
The Capability Brown gardens at Harewood House, Leeds.http://www.guardian.co.uk/enjoy-england/readers-tips-places-to-visit
Romanticism"Romantic" relates to the French word, "Roman," meaning novel (as in a book). Art and Architecture tells a story in a captivating way, grabbing and holding your attention.
http://www.bitdegree.ca/intranet/courses/IMD1000/CourseNotes03-7.html
http://morethangrammar.com/graphics/tinternabbey.jpg
Tintern Abbey
http://www.wordsworth.org.uk/common/images/poetry/tintern_abbey.jpg
http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~lalemi/tintern%20abbey.jpg
Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer above the Mists, c. 1818. http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth110/arth110_sl20.html
Caspar David Friedrich, Monastery Graveyard in the Snow, 1817/19 http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/resourcesd/fri_clcem.jpg
RomanticismNatureEmotion: sentimentality // nostalgia // melancholy
Imagination: exotic // ecstatic // fantastic // gothic
Romanticism in ChinaEmbraced by Chinese intellectuals.
Arguably led to the modernization movement—五四運動
Writers魯迅、徐志摩、郁達夫吳雅鳳。《浪漫主義》。台北:行政院文建會, 2010 。
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