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10.1 Beliefs
pp. 270-272
Essential Question:
What makes the Greek’s culture unique?
Standard 6.56
Success Criteria:
1. What is the body of stories about Greek gods and heroes?
2. Who is the king of the Greek gods, also the god of the sky, rain, and lightning?
3. Who is the god of light, sun, and poetry?
4. Who is the god of the underworld?
5. Retell the Demeter and Persephone myth.
*know all 12 gods and goddesses
Vocab: Myths, Rituals, Prophecy, Oracle
Myths
• Traditional stories about gods and heroes. Used in Greek religion.
• Explains a culture’s beliefs or nature
Who were the Greek Gods?
Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses - polytheistic
gods were NOT all-powerful
gods marry and have children (act like children sometimes)
12 most important gods and goddesses lived on Mt. Olympus
Zeus
Zeus is the king of all the
gods. He divided up the
world with his brothers,
Hades and Poseidon.
Zeus becomes ruler of the
sky and earth. Zeus has
many children all of whom
have powers. However,
Zeus has more powers
than anyone else.
Hades
Hades is the lord of the
dead in the Underworld.
He’s so scary that people
would not even say his
name. Guests in the
underworld are greeted by
his three-headed dog. His
brother, Zeus tricked the
beautiful Persephone into
marrying Hades. Her
mother, Demeter, goddess
of agriculture, makes a
deal with Hades so
Persephone only has to
stay with Hades for part of
the year causing winter
weather.
Poseidon
Poseidon was god of
the sea and brother to
Zeus and Hades. In
Homer’s famous
Odyssey he punishes
Odysseus because
Odysseus blinded his
son the Cyclops. He
is able to cause
storms with the use of
his trident, 3 pronged
spear. Earthquakes
are believed to be
caused by his wrath
as well.
Hephaestus
Hephaestus is the god of
metalworking and is
married to the unfaithful
Aphrodite. He forges all
the weapons for the gods.
He works beneath the
Earth’s surface. His
smashing of steel into
molten lava creates
earthquakes and
volcanoes
Athena Athena is the
firstborn and favorite
child of Zeus. She is
known as the
goddess of wisdom.
According to the
myth, she busts out
of his head fully
grown and dressed
for battle. She often
uses her intelligence
to rescue Greek
heroes. She is the
protectress of the
city, Athens and has
the Parthenon built
for her as a temple.
ApolloApollo is god of the sun and twin to Artemis. His daily task is to drive the sun
across the sky. During the Trojan War he helps the Trojans and helps kill
legendary Greek warrior, Achilles.
Ares
Ares is known as the god
of war, not for his skill
but because he liked all
the violence. His parents
were Zeus and Hera. He
is father to the twins,
Remus and Romulus.
Romulus will eventually
become the 1st king of
Rome.
Artemis
Artemis is the goddess of
the moon and hunting.
Artemis, being a female,
would seek revenge if she
felt someone wronged her.
Hera
Hera was married to Zeus
and is therefore queen of the
gods. Most of her time is
spent causing trouble for all
of her husband’s girlfriends
and their children. She is
most famous for trying to
destroy Hercules. Her
sacred animal is the
peacock.
Aphrodite
Aphrodite is the
goddess of love and
beauty. She plays a part
in starting the Trojan
War. In order to win a
beauty contest she
bribes Paris with the
most beautiful woman in
the human world, Helen.
When she runs away
with Paris the Greeks
go after her and thus
begins the war.
Each city-state chose a god or goddess as its protector.
• Which god or goddess did Athens choose as its protector?
• Which god or goddess did Sparta choose as its protector?
• Which god or goddess did Delphi choose as its protector?
The ancient Greeks believed the gods and goddesses controlled nature.
Apollo’s chariot pulls the sun across the sky each day
Poseidon causing major storms for sea travelers
Myth: Demeter and Persephone
Myth: Helios and Phaeton
Titans
• P. 271 • BEFORE the gods and goddesses…
• The Greeks believed the Titans existed before the gods of Olympia.
• The Titans were the children of Gaia (mother earth) and Uranus.
• One of their children was Cronos.
• The Greeks believed Cronos fathered the gods.
• Afraid they would take the Titan’s power, Cronos ate all of his children except Zeus. Zeus killed Cronos and freed his siblings.
Statue of Cronos
Success Criteria:
1. What is the body of stories about Greek gods and heroes?
2. Who is the king of the Greek gods, also the god of the sky, rain, and lightning?
3. Who is the god of light, sun, and poetry?
4. Who is the god of the underworld?
5. Retell the Demeter and Persephone myth.
*know all 12 gods and goddesses
Vocab: Myths, Rituals, Prophecy, Oracle
Success Criteria:
1. Why did the Greeks perform rituals?
2. What is one example of a religious festival of the Greeks?
3. What does an oracle do?
4. The most famous oracle was from where?
5. Retell one of the two Apollo myths from today.
*Know all 12 gods and goddesses
Rituals p. 271-272
Religious Festivals Festival of Carneia:• Herodotus, the Greek historian, states the Spartans
intended to send the rest of their army as soon as the Carneia Festival was over. Unmentioned was the fact that the allies were also constrained from sending full armies because the Olympic Games were going on at the same time. The CarneiaFestival was an ancient Dorian festival held to worship Apollo Carneios, the most important god of the Dorians, the god of rams. It began on the seventh day of the month of Carneios (July/August) and lasted nine days. . The Spartans actually had nine festivals each year and no wars could be fought during any of them. The Carneia Festival was the most important of the nine. As a result, the Spartans arrived too late at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), and King Leonidas was sent to Thermopylae with inadequate troops (480 BC).
Sparta would not come to aid other city-states or even their own King Leonidas in the Persian War because of Religious Festivals
Olympic Games
• Located in Olympia
• Games “for the greater glory of Zeus”
• Began in 776 B.C.
• Greeks believed their gods would be pleased if people showed skill in the arts, in athletic games, or in thinking
Oracles
•Sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god.•Prophecy - Predict the future.•Oracle at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi was the most famous of oracles
• This site at the temple complex at Delphi was thought by ancient Greeks to be the center of the world.
Facts About the Oracle:
• The site of Delphi dates back to 1500 B.C. It was one of the most important shrines in ancient Greece.
• People came from all over Greece to meet with the Pythia. The Pythia was the priestess who served as the oracle at the Temple of Apollo. The Pythia told the future or interpreted the will of the gods. Once a Pythia died, a new one would be appointed by the temple priestesses to replace her.
• Often the Pythia’s answers were vague and mysterious. Sometimes they had to be interpreted by others at the temple so that they could be understood by visitors.
• Some scholars believe that there was a scientific reason for the Pythia’s trance-like state, visions, and mysterious advice. The Pythia’s chamber was deep in the temple complex, and had an opening in the floor. Volcanic gases often steamed into the room. These gases may have affected the Pythia’s state of mind.
• The Pythia had remarkable power, which was unusual for women in ancient Greece. She advised powerful figures on important decisions, including state matters of war and peace. In Homer’s epic The Odyssey, the main character, King Agamemnon, asks the oracle how he should proceed in his war against Troy.
Myth: Apollo and Cassandra
Myth: Apollo and the Oracle of Delphi
Turn and TalkWhat is unique about the Greek beliefs? (how were they different from
other civilizations?)
Why did the Greeks have festivals and rituals for their gods?
Why did the ancient Greeks seek advice from oracles?
1. Why did the Greeks perform rituals?2. What is one example of a religious festival of the
Greeks?3. What does an oracle do?4. The most famous oracle was from where?5. Retell one of the two Apollo myths from today.*Know all 12 gods and goddesses
Success Criteria:
Guess Who?Materials:
Game Board in plastic sheet
Dry erase markers
Instructions:
1. Team sit opposite each other with all gods upright on their Game Board on a
textbook.
2. Each team secretly chooses a Greek god on the board. Circle it with dry
erase marker. The other team will be trying to guess yours.
3. Teams try and guess which god card their opponent has drawn by taking
turns asking yes or no questions to eliminate gods on their Game Board.
Cross off cards when you know it can NOT be that card.
Example:
Team 1 asks, “Are you male?” If Team 2 answer is “No” cross of all
males. Only the females remain.
Team 2 asks, “Are you holding a trident?” If Team 1 answer is “No”
cross off Poseidon.
4. After eliminating as many gods as possible, teams start guessing the name of
their opponent’s god. Whoever guesses correctly WINS!
Team 2 asks, “Are you holding a trident?” If Team 1 answer is “yes”
Team 2 can ask, “Are you Poseidon?” If yes, Team 2 wins.
Clean your boards. Play again.
Tally games won by each team.
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