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2008 Version (http://ReviewEarthScience.com/) 1
Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______ Regents Date: _________________
100 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents with Test Tips
Check out www.ReviewEarthScience.com to help you succeed on your Earth Science Regents Exam!
1. If pressure and temperature are constant, density of any substance, regardless of size is the same.2. As pressure increases on a solid or gas, density increases.3. As temperature of matter increases, its density decreases (in an open system).4. Water expands when it freezes.5. Many changes are cyclic (an event which repeats itself).6. Water is most dense at 4°C, when it is a liquid.7. The closer the isolines are the steeper the slope or gradient.8. When calculating percent deviation, the accepted value is the correct answer while the measured value is
subject to error.9. Dynamic equilibrium means balance.10. Earth absorbs short waves (visible light) and radiates long waves (infrared energy).11. The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid.12. The best model of the Earth at any reasonable scale is a perfect circle.13. The altitude of Polaris equals your latitude.14. Latitude lines are drawn east-west and measure angular distance north and south.15. Longitude lines are drawn north-south, and measure angular distances east and west.16. Longitude is based on observations of the sun.17. The earth rotates from west to east (24 hours).18. The earth revolves counterclockwise (365.25 days) when viewed from above the North Pole.19. The sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.20. The moon has phases because the angle between the earth and moon changes because the moon revolves
around us (remember though that half is always lit).21. Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as the earth passes them in space.22. Summer solstice: June 21st
Winter solstice: December 21st Equinoxes: March 21st & September 23rd.
23. To an observer in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere facing north, stars appear to make a complete circle around Polaris (North Star).
24. Blue Shift: object (e.g.: star) is getting closer to earth. Red Shift: object is getting further away (provides evidence universe is still expanding).
25. Equator always has 12 hours of day-light.
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2008 Version (http://ReviewEarthScience.com/) 2
26. The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it casts.27. The Coriolis Effect results from the earth's rotation. The Foucault Pendulum illustrates the Coriolis Effect,
and so 'proves' the earth's rotation.28. Earth is closer to the sun in the winter.29. The closer the planet is to the sun the higher it's velocity and the further the planet is from the sun, the
slower its velocity.30. The sun is one foci on an ellipse. There is nothing at the other foci.31. Black objects absorb energy and white objects reflect.32. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer to Earth.33. Vertical rays (overhead sun) can only occur between
23.5°N and 23.5°S.34. Be Familiar with this chart
DATE (APPROXIMATE)
LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS
DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET
ALTITUDE OF NOON SUN
LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT
Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox)
Equator (0°)
Rises due East Sets due West
48° 12 hours
December 21 (Winter Solstice)
Tropic of Capricorn(23.5°S)
Rises in South East Sets in South West
24.5° (lowest)
8 hours(shortest day)
March 21(Vernal Equinox)
Equator (0°)
Rises due EastSets due West
48° 12 hours
June 21(Summer Solstice)
Tropic of Cancer(23.5°N)
Rises in North EastSets in North West
71.5° (highest)
16 hours ( longest day)
35. Winds curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to the earth rotation. Called the Coriolis Effect.
36. Energy moves from source to sink: high to low.37. Air moves clockwise and outward around a high.38. Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a low.39. Good absorbers of radiation are good radiators.40. Hottest part of the year is in July in the Northern Hemisphere.41. Hottest part of the day is after 1:00p.m.42. As temperature increases, air pressure decreases.43. As atmospheric moisture (humidity) increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.44. Air pressure decreases with altitude.45. Cooler and drier air generally exerts higher pressure. Warm, moist air generally exerts lower pressure.46. Wind is the result of pressure differences.47. Wind blows from high to low pressure.48. Wind is named for the direction that it is coming from.49. The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the greater the chance for precipitation.50. Weather moves from west to east in the United States.
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2008 Version (http://ReviewEarthScience.com/) 3
51. Generally, with the passage of a cold front, the temperature and humidity decrease, the pressure rises.52. Generally, with the passage of a warm front, the temperature and humidity increase, the pressure
decreases.53. Occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front.54. Cold fronts move the fastest.55. As air rises, it expands and cools.56. Porosity does not depend on particle size.57. As particle size increases, permeability increases.58. Capillarity increases when particle size decreases.59. Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on temperature.60. Water bodies moderate temperature.61. Adiabatic cooling occurs as rising air expands. The air expands because the pressure on it is decreasing.62. Most surface water runoff occurs if the soil is bare, precipitation rate exceeds permeability rate, soil is
saturated and slope of land is too great.63. Chemical weathering dominates in warm, humid climates.64. Physical Weathering dominates in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging).65. Gravity is the force that drives erosion.66. Streams are currently the number one agent of erosion in New York State.67. Stream velocity depends on slope (gradient) and discharge.68. Velocity is greatest on the out side of meander bend.69. Heavy, round and dense particle settle out first.70. Water sorts sediments by size vertically, with the biggest sentiments on the bottom only when sediments
settle in still water.71. Isostasy: earth's crust in equilibrium.72. Unconformity is a buried erosion surface that represents a gap in the rock record.73. The four principal types of drainage pattern are related to the underlying regional geology. They are:
Dendritic (random), Rectangular, Radial and Trellis (block).74. When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering rate increases.75. Mineral properties depend on internal atomic arrangement.
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2008 Version (http://ReviewEarthScience.com/) 4
76. Ocean crust is thin, dense and basaltic.77. Continental crust is thick, less dense and granitic.78. Sedimentary rocks commonly layered and almost all fossils form in sedimentary environments.79. Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals; cools slow: large crystals.80. Metamorphic- banded-distorted structure.81. The silicon (Si) oxygen (O) tetrahedron is the building block of silicate minerals, the most abundant in
earth's crust.82. Arid landscape: steep slopes with sharp angles.83. Humid landscape: smooth with rounded slopes.84. Mid-ocean ridge - new earth being created-sea floor spreading.85. Trenches - earth being destroyed - subduction zone.86. P waves are faster than S waves.87. P-waves pass through liquids, solids and gases (that's why people hear earthquakes. "S"-waves travel
through "s"olids only.88. You need 3 seismometer stations to triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake.89. Convection currents in the mantle move plates.90. The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has reversed with time.91. Plate tectonics states the earth's crust is broken into plates which can move.92. Three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent and transform.93. Mountains form by uplift.94. The half-life of a radioactive element can't be changed.95. Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time).96. Undisturbed strata - bottom layer is oldest.97. Intrusion and faults are younger than the rock they are in.98. Uranium 238 (U 238) dates old rocks.99. Carbon 14 dates recent living objects.100. Use your Earth Science Reference Tables! This is one of the most important tools in your test taking arsenal.
TIP: Use the reference tables! Ask yourself: Is it in the reference tables, or can the reference tables help me?TIP: Look up formulas, even if you think you know them. Substitute information from the question into the formula. Many of them are on the reference tables.TIP: Draw diagrams to help you visualize the questions asked - where possible.TIP: Read introductory paragraphs and study diagrams before looking at questions. Underline key words. Read all choices before deciding on an answer, sometimes a question has a good and a better answer. Always choose the best answer.TIP: If you are not sure of an answer, try to eliminate choices that you think are clearly wrong and narrow down your choices. Then make your most careful guess.TIP: Skip over hard questions that are stumping you. Go back to them later. Something else in the test may give you a clue to the harder problems.TIP: Don't leave any questions blank. Check your test a second time, but only change an answer if you find an obvious mistake. Your first choice is usually correct.TIP: Take your time. You have three hours to do the exam.TIP: Relax-you've seen all this stuff before and you've already completed 1/4 of the exam.TIP: Have a healthy meal for dinner the night before and a good night sleep is as important as the above items.
Test your knowledge of these concepts and have a little fun. Visit www.ReviewGameZone.com/100ways/ to play games and learn earth science!
Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
2011 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination inPhysical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 × 103
1.3 × 109
4.5 × 109
4.9 × 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18
Solid water (ice) 2.11
Water vapor 2.00
Dry air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0
Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88
Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48
Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18
Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11
Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33
Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42
Nitrogen (N) 78.0
Hydrogen (H) 66.0
Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 2
Gen
eral
ized
Lan
dsc
ape
Reg
ion
s of
New
Yor
k S
tate
Appalachian
Plate
au(U
plan
ds)
Inte
rio
r L
ow
lan
ds
Gre
nvi
lle P
rovi
nce
(Hig
hla
nd
s)
New England P
rovince
(Highlands)
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Pla
in
Alle
ghen
y P
late
au
Erie
-Ont
ario
Low
land
s(P
lain
s)
Tug
Hill
Pla
teau
Adi
rond
ack
Mou
ntai
ns
Lake
Erie
Lake
Ont
ario
Inte
rio
rL
ow
lan
ds
St. L
awre
nce
Low
land
s
ChamplainLowlands Hud
son
Hig
hlan
ds
Man
hatta
n P
rong
The
Cat
skill
s
Taconic Mountains
Hudson-MohawkLowlands
NewarkLowlands
Maj
or g
eogr
aphi
c pr
ovin
ce b
ound
ary
Land
scap
e re
gion
bou
ndar
y
Sta
te b
ound
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Inte
rnat
iona
l bou
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y
Key
N S
WE
020
40
020
4060
80K
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Mile
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3050
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atio
n 1
75 m
LA
KE
43
°
79
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8°
77
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76
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atio
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NT
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IO
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iver
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LON
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 3
mod
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d fr
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LO
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OTE
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OTE
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020
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s
Mile
s10
3050
Gen
eral
ized
Bed
rock
Geo
logy
of
New
Yor
k S
tate
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 5
Peru-Chile Trench
Haw
aii
Hot
Spo
t
San
And
reas
Fau
lt
Juan
de
Fuc
a P
late
Phi
lippi
neP
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Ale
utia
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ello
wst
one
Hot
Spo
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Nor
th A
mer
ican
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te
Afr
ican
Pla
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Pla
teC
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land
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hA
mer
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Gal
apag
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caP
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Ant
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Indi
an-A
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late
Pac
ific
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teF
iji P
late
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Ant
arct
icP
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Plate
Eur
asia
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Eur
asia
nP
late
Icel
and
Hot
Spo
t
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id
-Indian Ridge
South
east
Indi
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idge
South
west I
ndia
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Scot
iaP
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wic
hP
late
Mid-AtlanticRidge
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ter
Isla
ndH
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St.
Hel
ena
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vet
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 6
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolid
ificat
ionMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE
DIA
ME
TE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FO
RM
AT
ION
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Du
nit
e
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may spliteasily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fineto
coarsecrystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline orbioclastic
FO
LIA
TE
D
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MIN
ER
AL
ALI
GN
ME
NT
BA
ND
-IN
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GA
RN
ET
PY
RO
XE
NE
FE
LD
SPA
R
AM
PH
IBO
LE
MIC
AQ
UA
RT
Z
Hornfels
NO
NF
OLI
AT
ED
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 8
PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENE
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
LATE
EARLY
LATEMIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLEEARLYLATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLYLATE
GEOLOGIC HISTORY
ElliptocephalaCryptolithus
Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus
CtenocrinusTetragraptus
Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus
B LA EC D G HF I J NK M
CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis
(Index fossils not drawn to scale)
EraEon
PH
AN
ER
O-
ZO
ICP
RE
CA
MB
RI
AN
AR
CH
EA
NP
RO
TE
RO
ZO
IC
LATE
LATE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
EARLY
EARLY
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
4600
Million years ago
CENOZOIC
MESOZOIC
PALEOZOIC
QUATERNARY
NEOGENE
PALEOGENE
CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC
TRIASSIC
PERMIAN
CA
RB
ON
IF-
ER
OU
S
DEVONIAN
Period Epoch Life on Earth
SILURIAN
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
580
488
444
416
318
299
200
146
Million years ago
NY RockRecord
PENNSYLVANIAN
HOLOCENE
65.5
251
1.85.3
0.010
23.033.9
MISSISSIPPIAN
Humans, mastodonts, mammoths
55.8
Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses
Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants
Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes
Earliest birds
Earliest mammals
Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)
Mammal-like reptiles
Abundant reptiles
Extensive coal-forming forests
Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles
359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms
Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish
Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals
Abundant eurypterids
Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs
Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes
Earliest trilobites542
Abundant stromatolites
Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)
Extinction of many primitive marine organisms
First sexually reproducingorganisms
Oldest known rocks
Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system
Sediment
Bedrock
Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
Earliest dinosaurs
Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts
1300
Evidence of biologicalcarbon
Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils
Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor
Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 9
Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains
Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms
Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
OF NEW YORK STATE
MastodontBeluga Whale
CooksoniaBothriolepis
Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum
PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z
Platyceras
Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic
Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses
ADU (2011)
The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).
PL
AC
OD
ER
M F
ISH
A
Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
TR
ILO
BIT
ES
C
B
A
BIR
DS
S
E
D
F
NA
UT
ILO
IDS
AM
MO
NO
IDS
G
CR
INO
IDS
H
I
J
K
GR
AP
TO
LIT
ES
L
DIN
OS
AU
RS
MA
MM
AL
S
O
N
EU
RY
PT
ER
IDS
M P
Q
VA
SC
UL
AR
PL
AN
TS
T
U
V
CO
RA
LS
R
BR
AC
HIO
PO
DS
GA
ST
RO
PO
DS
W
X
Y
Z
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 10
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
P
9 10
S
TR
AV
EL
TIM
E (
min
)
00
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468
10121416192123252729
2
– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368
111315171921232527
0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469
1113151720222426
4
– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2
1469
11141618202224
5
– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2
1479
121416182123
6
–19–13– 9– 5– 2
147
101214171921
7
– 21–14– 9– 5– 2
147
1012151719
8
–14– 9– 5–1248
10131618
9
– 28–16–10– 6– 2
258
111416
10
–17–10– 5–2369
1114
11
–17–10– 5–1269
12
12
–19–10– 5–137
10
13
–19–10– 5
048
14
–19–10– 4
15
15
–18– 9– 3
1
12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393
2
1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686
0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
1320323745515659626567697172747576777879
4
112028364246515457606264666869707172
5
111202735394348505456586062646566
6
61422283338414548515355575961
7
10172428333740444649515355
8
61319252933364042454749
9
410162126303336394244
10
28
1419232730343639
11
17
12172125283134
12
16
111520232629
13
51014182125
14
49
131720
15
49
1216
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dewpoint (°C)
Relative Humidity (%)
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 12
Temperature
Freezingrain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rainshowers
Thunder-storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snowshowers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
Pressure
196
+19/
.25
28
27
12
Station Model Station Model Explanation
Water boils220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
Room temperature
Water freezes
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
One atmosphere
30.701040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
Key to Weather Map Symbols
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 13
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 14
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’sAtmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 15
Solar System Data
CelestialObject
Mean Distance from Sun
(million km)
Period ofRevolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period ofRotation at Equator
Eccentricityof Orbit
EquatorialDiameter
(km)
Mass(Earth = 1)
Density(g/cm3)
SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTH’SMOON
149.6(0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Lu
min
osi
ty(R
ate
at w
hich
a s
tar
emits
ene
rgy
rela
tive
to th
e S
un)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)GIANTS
Barnard’sStar
ProximaCentauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B SmallStars
MassiveStars
WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)
MAIN SEQUENCE
(Early stage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
1–2�
silver togray
black streak,greasy feel
pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite
2.5 �metallicsilver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena
5.5–6.5 �black to
silverblack streak,
magneticore of iron,
steel Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 �brassyyellow
green-black streak,(fool’s gold)
ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 – 6.5or 1 �
metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,
jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite
1 �white togreen greasy feel ceramics,
paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 �yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 �white to
pink or grayeasily scratched
by fingernailplaster of paris,
drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum
2–2.5 �colorless to
yellowflexible in
thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 �colorless to
whitecubic cleavage,
salty tastefood additive,
melts ice NaCl Halite
2.5–3 �black to
dark brownflexible in
thin sheetsconstruction
materialsK(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica
3 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavagecement,
lime CaCO3 Calcite
3.5 �colorless
or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered
buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 �colorless or
variablecleaves in
4 directionshydrofluoric
acid CaF2 Fluorite
5–6 �black to
dark greencleaves in
2 directions at 90°mineral collections,
jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5 �black to
dark greencleaves at
56° and 124°mineral collections,
jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole(commonly hornblende)
6 �white to
pinkcleaves in
2 directions at 90°ceramics,
glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar
(commonly orthoclase)
6 �white to
graycleaves in 2 directions,
striations visibleceramics,
glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 �green to
gray or browncommonly light green
and granularfurnace bricks,
jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 �colorless or
variableglassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,
electronics SiO2 Quartz
6.5–7.5 �dark redto green
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
Nonm
etal
lic lu
ster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
� = dominant form of breakage
Met
allic
lust
erEi
ther
FRAC
TURE
CLEA
VAG
E
Properties of Common Minerals
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 16
ESRT Topics for review ∗ Equations: 1.What is the equation for density? 2.What is the density of a substance when the volume is 5.0 cm and the mass is 25 grams? 3.What is the gradient if a student measures the ground temperature to be 30° C and directly two meters above that same location 35° C? ∗ Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State: 1.Long Island is a part of what landscape region? 2.How many landscape regions are there in New York State? 3.What is the northern most New York State landscape region? ∗ Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State: 1.What type of rock is Slide Mountain? 2.What is the latitude and longitude of Slide Mountain? 3.What geological period does the rock around Syracuse come from? ∗ Surface Ocean Currents: 1.What is the current that runs along the eastern coast of the United States? 2.What is the current that runs along the western coast of the United States? 3.What type of current is the Brazil Current? ∗ Tectonic Plates: 1.What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault? 2.What type of plate boundary is the Aleutian Trench? 3.What is the latitude and longitude of the Hawaiian Hot Spot? ∗ Rock Cycle: 1. How can a sedimentary rock change to an igneous rock? 2.How can an igneous rock change to a metamorphic rock? 3.How can a metamorphic rock change to a sedimentary rock?
∗ Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity: 1.What is the minimum size of a cobble and the velocity required to move it? 2.What is the smallest sized particle? ∗ Properties of Common Minerals 1.What is magnetite hardness? 2.What two minerals bubble with acid? 3.What minerals composition is SiO2? ∗ Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification: 1.What is the environment of formation for granite? 2.What is the grain size for very coarse textures? 3.Name two rocks that have a light color and felsic composition? ∗ Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification: 1.What rock consists of rounded fragments? 2.This sedimentary rock consists of compacted plant remains? 3.Name an organic rock cemented together by calcite? ∗ Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification: 1.What type of texture does Gneiss have? 2.What rock was formed by contact metamorphism? 3.Name a coarse grained, non-foliated rock? ∗ Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior: 1.What is the density of the continental crust? 2.What is the temperature and pressure at the boundary between the Outer Core and the Inner Core? ∗ Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time: 1.What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? 2.If an earthquakes epicenter is 3000 km away from a seismograph station; approximately how long did the p-wave take to arrive to the seismograph station? 3.A p-wave took 3 minutes and 20 seconds to reach a seismic station; approximately how long did it take for the s-wave to reach the same station?
∗ Dewpoint Temperatures: 1.What is the dewpoint if the dry bulb temperature is 16° C and the wet bulb temperature is 10° C? 2.What is the wet bulb temperature if the dewpoint is 9° C and the dry bulb temperature is 16° C? ∗ Relative Humidity: 1.What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb temperature is 16° C and the wet bulb is 10° C? 2.What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb temperature is 10° C and the wet bulb is 8° C? ∗Temperature/ Pressure: 1.If the temperature is 10° C, what is the equivalent Fahrenheit temperature? 2.What is 1000.0 millibars equal to in inches of mercury? 3.How many millibars is 30.00 inches of mercury equal to? ∗ Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere: 1What is the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere? 2.Does temperature increase or decrease in the troposphere? ∗ Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.What has the largest wave length? 2.What part of visible light has the smallest wave length? ∗ Planetary Winds and Moisture Belts: 1.Which way do the planetary winds blow between 30°N and 60°N? 2.Does the equator experience wet or dry weather? 3.At 30° S latitude, are the winds diverging or converging? ∗ Luminosity and Temperature of Stars 1.How many times more luminous is Aldebaran then our Sun? 2.Name three stars that are a part of the main sequence? 3.The hottest stars are what color? ∗ Solar System Data 1.What is the mean distance of Mercury from the Sun? 2.What is the period of revolution of Venus? 3.Which planet has the most eccentric orbit?
Earth Science Reference Tools: Lab Practical:
• http://www.regents-earthscience.com/lab-performance-test.html Videos on reading the Reference Table/ Unit Review:
• https://www.youtube.com/user/jocrisci/featured Review Questions by topic
• http://reviewearthscience.com/pages/indepth-tests.php • https://study.com/academy/course/earth-science-regents-exam.html • http://earthtoleigh.com/ • http://www.hmxearthscience.com/archive/mapping.html
Past Earth Science Regents Tests
• http://www.nysedregents.org/earthscience/ My Quizlet Regents Review
• https://quizlet.com/join/Cx7YeURj6
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