1 Vocabulary and Comprehension: Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage Reading Oregon Reading...

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Vocabulary and Vocabulary and Comprehension:Comprehension:

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

Oregon Reading FirstRegional Coaches’ Meetings

February 19 and 21, 2008

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Today’s Objectives:Today’s Objectives:

• Discuss and analyze the types of questions typically asked within Comprehensive Reading Programs.

• Practice generating questions on the text.

• Present the concept of scaffolding for difficult questions.

We will…

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Today’s Presentation is Based Upon an Earlier Presentation by:

Anita L. Archer, Ph.D.archerteach@aol.com

503-295-7749

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Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

• BIG IDEA:Asking students questions during passage reading has proven effective in improving the comprehension of students.

-(Morrow & Gambrell, 2001)

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• Asking teacher-generated questions is one of the research-validated comprehension procedures outlined by the National Reading Panel. (NRP, 2000)

• Why?

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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• Why?– Helps with recall– To make connections– Promotes active reading– Helps students focus on critical

information– Models questions students should be

asking themselves

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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• We can…1. Generate questions on the text

or

2. Utilize the questions provided in the reading program

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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• Guidelines for Formulating Questions– Divide the material into appropriate segments

at natural junctures. – Consider:

• the reading skills of the students, • the content of the text, and• what the student needs to understand.

– Develop questions that will help students construct meaning, focusing on critical understandings.

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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• Question Types– Memory Questions (who, what, when, where)– Convergent Thinking Questions (why, how,

in what ways)– Divergent Thinking Questions (imagine,

suppose, predict, if/then)– Evaluative Thinking Questions (defend,

judge, justify, what do you think)

-(Ciardiello, 1998)

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During

Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During

Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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• What is the question type?1. Where did the ambulance take Mrs. Brown? 2. Think about the animals in this story. In what

ways are they alike? How are they different?3. How would this story be different if it took

place in winter? 4. Why do things in the firehouse need to be

kept in perfect working order? 5. Think about the morals in the fables. Which

moral is most helpful to you? Why?

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During

Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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Use Active Participation Use Active Participation Strategies during Student Strategies during Student

Responses!Responses!

• Think, Pair, Share

• Partner Responses

• Written Responses

• Etc.!!

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Active ParticipationActive Participation

• Think– Have students think and record responses

– As students are writing, move around the classroom and record their ideas and their names on an overhead transparency.

• Pair– Have students share their ideas with their partners. Have them

record their partner’s best ideas.

– As students are sharing, continue to record ideas on the overhead.

• Share– Use the transparency for sharing with the class.

Anita Archer, 2007

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Partner ResponsesPartner Responses

– Assign partners• Pair lower performing students with middle

performing students.• Give the partners a number.• Sit partners next to each other.• Utilize triads when appropriate.

Anita Archer, 2007

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Partner ResponsesPartner Responses

• Other hints for partners– Teach students how to work together. LOOK, LEAN, AND

WHISPER.– Teach students how to give and receive encouragement

and compliments.– Teach students that cooperative practice relates to the

work place not to friendship.– Change the partnerships occasionally (every three to six

weeks).– Join two partnerships to form cooperative teams. If you

plan to use cooperative teams often, give students team numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. Make 1 and 2 partners and 3 and 4 partners. When requesting responses on partnerships, refer to evens and odds.

Anita Archer, 2007

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Partner ResponsesPartner Responses

• Use of partners:

1. Say answer to partner.2. Retell content of lesson using a graphic organizer.3. Review content (Tell, Help, Check).4. Brainstorm (Think, Pair, Share).5. Explain process, strategy, or algorithm using

examples.6. Read to or with partner.

Anita Archer, 2007

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Written ResponsesWritten Responses

• Written responses– Gauge the length of the written response to avoid

“voids”• Make the response fairly short OR• Make the response “eternal.”

– To keep students from “sneaking” ahead.• Expose limited items on the overhead.• Have students put their pencils down to indicate completion.

– Give immediate feedback.

Anita Archer, 2007

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• Formulating Questions with Four Question Types: – Story: “Alejandro’s Gift” – Memory - What did Alejandro do to endure the

lonely hours? – Convergent - Why did Alejandro want the ground

squirrel and his friends to keep returning? – Divergent - If Alejandro would not have built the

second water hole, do you think the animals would have eventually used the first water hole?

– Evaluative - What if you were Alejandro? Would you have built a second water hole? Why or why not?

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During

Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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• We can…1. Generate questions on the text

or

2. Utilize the questions provided in the reading program

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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• Comprehension Questions Found Most Often in K-3 Comprehensive Reading Programs: – Fact and Opinion– Cause and Effect– Compare and Contrast– Main Idea and Details– Draw Conclusions– Make Inferences– Summarize

Ask Appropriate Questions Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingDuring Passage Reading

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1. Cause and Effect. Why did Blue Cloud lose interest in her doll?

2. Cause and effect. Why was it so important that Lakota children learn silence?

3. Draw conclusions. Why did Blue Cloud have to pester her mother to let her hold the baby?

4. Draw conclusions. Why did mother finally agree to let Blue Cloud take care of Little Bear?

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During

Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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# Type Question

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Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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• What typically happens when a question is asked and the student does not know the answer (or gives an incorrect answer)?

• We want a procedure to use when students don’t know an answer.

• The procedure we will talk about is called “scaffolding the answer.”

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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Scaffolding

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

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• We can apply the same concept to answering questions.

Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

Target Question: Student doesn’t know.

Scaffolded Question

Scaffolded Question

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Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

Target Question: Why did Blue Cloud have to pester her mother to hold the baby? I don’t know.

Was the baby easy for Blue Cloud to hold? Why or why not?

Why did Mother keep Little Bear in a cradle on her back?

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Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

Target Question: Why did Mother finally agree to let Blue Cloud carry the baby? I don’t know.

What did we learn about Blue Cloud’s mother on the journey?

What did we learn about the weather on the journey?

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# Type Question

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Ask Appropriate Questions During Ask Appropriate Questions During Passage ReadingPassage Reading

Your Turn - Pair, Square, Share

Why was Blue Cloud secretly smiling when the other girls gathered around her on their horses?

Scaffold: How did Blue Cloud feel carrying the cradleboard on her pony?

Predict what may happen if Blue Cloud decides to take the cradleboard with Little Bear off of her horse and race with the other girls.

Scaffold:

Where did Blue Cloud’s mother carry Blue Cloud?

Why did Blue Cloud’s mother carry him on her back?

What may be some of the dangers Blue Cloud’s mother needed to keep him safe from?

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Today’s Objectives:Today’s Objectives:

• Discussed and analyzed the types of questions typically asked within Comprehensive Reading Programs.

• Practiced generating questions on the text.

• Presented the concept of scaffolding for difficult questions.

We…

Further Questions?