View
214
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1
THE ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL INTEGRATION OF WIND POWER INTO THE
SPANISH ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Alberto Ceña
Technical Director
SPANISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION
ASOCIACIÓN EMPRESARIAL EÓLICA
UNIVERSITY OF BATH 9 May 2008
2
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
3
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
4
CONTINOUS AND STEADY GROWTH OF WIND POWER IN SPAIN
15,145 MW AT 01/01/2008
8391585
21983389
4879
6206
8504
10028
11623
15145
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YEARS
MW
ANNUAL ACUMULATED
So
urc
e:
AE
E
INSTALLED WIND POWER AT 01/01/08 15.145 MW
5
YEARLY EVOLUTION OF WIND CAPACITY IN OPERATION IN SPAIN
419
746613
1191
14901327
2.297,51
1.523,99 1595,105
3522,09
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
MW
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Annual rise
Growth rate
So
urc
e:
AE
E
6
AMONG ALL RENEWABLE ENERGIES WIND ENERGY IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF POWER
PRODUCTION
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
MW
WIND POWER
BIOMASS
SOLAR
MINI HYDRO
So
urc
e: C
NE
an
d A
EE
7
Wind16,4%
Combined Cycle24,0% Fuel/gas
9,5%
Coal12,9%
Nuclear8,4%
Hydro18,1%
Rest of special regime10,9%
Source: REE
INSTALLED WIND POWER WAS 16.4% OF THE TOTAL POWER INSTALLED IN SPAIN IN 2007
Breakdown of installed capacity technologies 2007
8
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Hydro
Nuclear
CCGT
Other thermal
Wind
Other Special Regime
1997
2007
2011Source: JM Rodriguez REE.
COMBINED CYCLES AND WIND FARMS COVERS THE GROWTH OF POWER DEMAND IN SPAIN
Units: MW
9
Wind9,5%
Rest of special regime10,4%
Hydro9,4%
Nuclear19,7%
Coal25,7%
Fuel/gas0,9%
Combined Cycle24,4%
Source: REE
WIND ENERGY REPRESENTS ALMOST 10% OF POWER GENERATION IN 2007 AND IT COVERS
THE 20% OF DEMAND GROWTH
The average capacity factor was of 25%, 10% more than in Germany and 10% less than the UK
Generation breakdown by technology 2007
10
OWNERSHIP OF WIND POWER PLANTS IN SPAIN
AROUND OF 100 PROMOTERS HAVE PROJETS IN DIFFERENT STAGES BUT THERE IS A CLEAR TREND TO CONCENTRATION AROUND OF THE ELECTRICAL
COMPANIES.
REPARTO POR PROMOTORES DE LA POTENCIA EÓLICA ACUMULADA A 01/01/2008
IBERDROLA28,03%
ACCIONA17,68%
ECYR8,36%NEO ENERGÍA
8,08%ENEL UNIÓN FENOSA
RENOVABLES3,93%
OLIVENTO2,78%
RENOMAR2,60%
GAS NATURAL2,53%
ENERFÍN2,20%
EYRA1,73%
MOLINOS DEL EBRO1,55%
E. ON Renovables1,35%
OTROS20,48%
Fuente: AEE
DEVELOPER BREAKDOWN OF CUMULATIVE INSTALLED CAPACITY TO 01/01/2008
11
WIND ENERGY HAS CREATED AN IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL NETWORK
An important number of components suppliers completes the industrial grid created by the wind energy sector
REPARTO POR FABRICANTES DE LA POTENCIA EÓLICA INSTALADA A 01/01/2008
GAMESA48,63%
MADE (GAMESA)8,43%
VESTAS14,66%
ACCIONA WINDPOWER8,21%
Ecotècnia7,32%
GE5,93%
NAVANTIA-SIEMENS4,03%
ENERCON0,69%
DESA0,67%
NORDEX0,56% LAGERWEY
0,25%KENETECH
0,20%
M TORRES0,16%
OTROS0,26%
Fuente: AEE
MANUFACTURER BREAKDOWN OF CUMULATIVE INSTALLED CAPACITY TO 01/01/2008
12
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
COMMUNITY
SITE SELECTION
MET. TOWER INSTALLATION > 1 YEAR OF DATA
(2) REGIONAL AUTHORITY
ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORIZATION
(1) DIST./TRANSMISION COMPANIES
CONNECTION/ACCESS POINT
REG. AUTHORITY
AD. AUTHORIZATION
COMMUNITY
PERMITS
CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION
PAYMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION LICENCES AND URBANISTIC LEVY
RENTING
TYPICAL SCHEME FOR THE EXECUTION OF PROJECT
13
10% of the 8,100 municipalities have some kind of wind plant activities within their limits
C0MMUNITIES WITH WIND FARMS WITHIN THEIR MUNICIPAL LIMITS
14
POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION
15
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
16
PREDOMINANT SUPPORT SCHEMES FOR RES-E
Feed-in tariff and Quota / TGC
Feed-in tariff
Quota / TGC
Tax incentives / Investment grants
Other system
SE
FI
LALT
PL
CZ
HUAT
DE
DK
UKIE
ESPTIT
MTCY
GR
FR
NLBELU
EE
BE
SI
SK
A clear majority of EU countries uses feed-in tariffs as main instrument
Source: Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research
17
19941994
ELECTRICITY LAW
19971997
• 29% of power production will be renewable in 2010
20022002 20042004
• Regulatory stability to reach targets
• 13,000 MW of wind farms in 2011
“SPECIAL SCHEME” R. D.
• Basic framework for renewables
19981998
ROYALDECREES
• Priority of access
• Premium-based incentives
20052005
NEW RENEWABLE
ENERGIES PLAN
IN 2020, BINDING TARGET OF 20%
RENEWABLE ENERGIES
ROYAL DECREE 436/2004
NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN
19991999
RENEWABLE ENERGY
PROMOTION PLAN
• 8,974 MW of wind farms in 2010
20072007
ROYAL DECREE 661/2007
• 20,155 MW of wind farms in 2010
• Binding target for Europe
NEW PROGRESS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY REGULATION
18
RD 661/2007 FINANCIAL SCHEME (HOURLY VALUES)
• 2 options:
– Regulated tariff: regulated tariff + supplements – deviations
– Market: market price + premium + supplements – deviations
Supplements: reactive power, voltage dips (only for existing farms)
Updated based on RPI-X,
– where X is 0.25 until 2012 and 0.5 thereafter
(2007 values)
Must choose by 01/01/2009 between:• Staying with the current RD
436/2004 scheme:– Regulated tariff:
• no time limit• no update
– Market until 31/12/2012 (without premium update and incentive) and subsequently change to the new RD 661/2007 scheme
• Change to the new RD 661/2007 scheme
EXISTING INSTALLATIONS NEW INSTALLATIONS31/12/2007
2010 changes applicable from 2013. The premium can be retroactive.
units: cents/kWh First 20
yearsThereafter
Tariff 7.3228 6.12Reference premium 2.9291 0
Cap 8.4944Floor 7.1275
19
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pool market -€cents/kWh-
Po
ol
mar
ket
+ p
rem
ium
-€c
ents
/kW
h-
RD 661/2007 Income (pool + premium)
RD 436/2004 Income (pool + premium)
RD 661/2007 Tariff
RD 436/2004 Tariff
RD 661/07 Cap:8,4944 €cents/kWh RD 661/07 Tariff:
7,3228 €cents/kWh
RD 661/07 Floor: 7,1275 €cents/kWh
RD436/04 Tariff: 6,8931
€cents/kWh
Source: AEE
RD 436/2004AND RD 661/2007 COMPARISON
Royal Decree 661/2007 Ranges:• 0<pool< 4.1984 → premium=7.1275-pool• 4.1984<pool< 5.5653 → premium=reference premium• 5,5653<pool<8.4944 → premium=8.4944-pool• pool>8.4944 → premium=0
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
€cen
t/kW
h
Average price
Source: OMEL, REE and AEE
THE POOL PRICE IS KEY IN THE REVENUES FOR WIND FARMS
Pool prices follow power demand, fuel costs, CO2 emissions duties and hydropower production.
21
HIGH POOL PRICES IN 2006 DUE TO HIGH NATURAL GAS, GHG CREDITS AND
DROUGHT
Payments to wind, 2006
48.01
30.64
7.664.81
3.80
68.933.8
72.73
91.01- 0.80- 0.50- 2.60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Average windprice
Premium40% TMR
Incentive10% TMR
Powerguarantee
Reactive power
Deviations Prediction MarketAgent
Totalpayments
Regulated tariff(90% TMR)
Reactivepower
Total payments
€/MWh
Market RegulatedTariff
Source: AEE
22
RETRIBUTION IN 2007 ACCORDING TO THE RD 436/2004
Retribución según el RD 436/2004
68,93
77,647,66
30,64
39,35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wind power average pool price premium Pool trade incentive FINAL TARIF MARKETOPTION
Regulated tariff
€/M
Wh
Source: AEE
23
RETRIBUTION IN 2007 ACCORDING TO THE NEW RD 661/2007
Retribución según el RD 661/2007
73,2374,140,00
34,80
39,35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wind power average pool price premium Pool trade incentive FINAL TARIF MARKETOPTION
Regulated tariff
€/M
Wh
Source: AEE
24
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
25
ALMOST ALL PRODUCERS ARE MAKING OFFERS ON THE POOL MARKET
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
ene-0
4
abr-
04
jul-
04
oct-
04
ene-0
5
abr-
05
jul-
05
oct-
05
kW
h/día
REG. ESPECI AL A DI STRI BUCI ÓN REG. ESPECI AL A MERCADO
• The bulk of wind energy makes offers on the pool market.
• All wind farms in Spain are programming their production to participate in the market year (universal use of prediction tools).
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
MW
Eó
lico
s
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
En
erg
ía D
esv
íos
(GW
h)
MW instalados
% Mercado
Eª Desvíos
La entrada de la generación eólica en el mercado ha contribuido a la reducción de la energía utilizada para la gestión de los
desvíos en el sistema
Distribution
Market
Mw installed
0% market
Derivation electricity
The presence of wind energy in the market has helped to the reduction of electricity for services management
M
w
DE
SV
IAT
ION
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(G
Wh
)
26
Resultado de la Casación
Parque Eólico 1
Parque Eólico 2
Parque Eólico N
Programación (10:00h/D-1)
Ajustes intradiarios
• Restricciones técnicas
• Otros procesos de gestión técnica
OMEL
MERCADO DIARIO
REE
MERCADOS
INTRADIARIOS
PROGRAMA HORARIO FINAL
(PHF)
Programación ajustada 6 veces/día
WIND ENERGY IN THE ELECTRICAL MARKET
The main incidence of wind power is in tertiary regulation (between 15’ and 3 hours) and management of deviations between generation and load (before closing day and intraday markets).
Unforeseen variation of power demand is more important (with 40% 0f deviations) than prediction errors of wind power plants (slightly over 30%).
Costs in balancing power caused by wind energy is paid by wind producers. The unitary cost in 2007 was of 1,4 €/MWh much lower than initially foreseen.
INCIDENCE OF WIND ENERGY IN THE BALANCING POWER:
27
ECONOMIC FLOWS IN THE OPERATION OF WIND FARMS
CNE
ADJUSTMENTS
WIND FARMS OWNERS
ELECTRICAL MARKET
DISTRIBUTORS COMMUNITIES
PRIVATE LANDOWNER
- Renting
- Taxes
- Agreed fees
CONSUMERS
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
INVESTMENT PAY-BACK
€
€
€
SOCIAL BENEFITS(ANNEX)
€
€
ELECTRICAL CONSUMERS PAYS FOR EVERYTHING IN ACCORDANCDE WITH THE EXPECTED BENEFITS
€
kWh
28
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
29
Source: Areva y AEE
LOOP P/f
OPTIMISATION
OF SECONDARY
AND TERTIARY
REGULATION
SERVICES
Minutes/3 hours
FREQUENCY
CONTROL
OPTIMISATION
OF SECONDARY
REGULATION
SERVICES
Seconds
MACHINES AND
INSTALLATIONS
ADAPTED FOR
TRANSITORY
STABILITY
DIP
VOLTAGES
MilisecondsPLANT AVAILABILITY
PRODUCTION FORECAST
TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS BEFORE DAILY
MARHET
NON-APPLICABLE*
Variable
generation
OPTIMUM PRODUCTION PROGRAMME
DAILY
INTRA-DAY RODUCTION
ADJUSTMENS
INTRA-DAY
OPTIMISATION OF SPINNING RESERVES
Days
INTRA-DAY
PRODUCTION
ADJUSTMENTS
ON LINE TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS
DEVIATION MANAGEMENT
BEFRORE CLOSING MARKETS
PREDICTION IMPROVES THE OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AS A WHOLE
30
EMAP vs. Fc
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Fc [%]
EMAP
[%]
Potencial (Predictor 1) Potencial (Predictor 2)Potencial (Predictor 3) Potencial (Predictor 4)Potencial (Predictor 5) Potencial (Predictor 6)Potencial (Predictor 7) Potencial (Predictor 8)
ERRORS OF PREDICTION
EMAP shows clear dependency
with Fc (Capacity Factor).
Much higher than the EMAE
(Mean Absolute State Error),
which is the prediction error
measured against nominal
capacity, with values in the
order of 10%.
It is easier to make good
predictions for high power
values
EMAP (Mean Absolute Production Error):
100real pred
real
P PEMAP
P
31
BENEFITS OF WIND FARM CLUSTERING
Once added, the total EMAP obtained is lowered almost to
half its initial value, reducing greatly its impact on the stability of the system.
oct04- sep05: y = 0.5186x
R 2 = 0.9138
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%
Initial EMAP
Individual EMAP after aggregating
oct
nov
dic
ene
feb
mar
abr
may
jun
jul
ago
sep
oct04-sep05
Lineal (oct04-sep05)
32
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
33
y = -0,0003x + 5,0921R2 = 0,4031
01
2345
67
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Wind power (MW)
Po
ol m
ark
et
(ce
nt€
/kW
h)
WIND ENERGY SUBSTITUTES MORE EXPENSIVE POWER PLANTS AND THEN POOL PRICE IS
REDUCED
Reduction of prices is estimated in around 2-3 €/MWh every 1000 MW of wind power in the system and it almost covers the cost of premium
linked to wind energy
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIND ENERGY AND POOL PRICE IN THE DAILY MARKET (data January 2007-july 2007)
y = -0,0002x + 5,0193R2 = 0,6085
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Wind power (MW)
Po
ol m
arke
t (c
ent€
/kW
h)
MWh
Pri
ce(€
/ MW
h)
Gas
Day
Wind & Nuclear
Night Peak
DemandOffer
Fuel oilCCGT
Source: RISOE y AEE
MWh
Pri
ce(€
/ MW
h)
Gas
Day
Wind & Nuclear
Night Peak
DemandOffer
Fuel oilCCGT
MWh
Pri
ce(€
/ MW
h)
Gas
Day
Wind & Nuclear
Night Peak
DemandOffer
Fuel oilCCGT
Source: RISOE y AEE
34
IMPACT OF THE WIND ENERGY IN THE POOL MARKET
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
cen
t€/k
Wh
<1000 MW1000 MW-2000 MW2000 MW-3000 MW3000 MW-4000 MW4000 MW-5000 MW>5000 MW
Fuente: AEE
• This graph shows by levels of wind generation the average pool price per hour (January 2007-July 2007).
• The range <1000MW shows the average pool price by hour if the contribution of the wind energy was null.
• The following curves show increases of wind production, this shows how the pool price decrease when increase the contribution from wind power.
Pool market (January 2007-July 2007)
35
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
36
• Turbines are usually far away from centers of consumption– Wind power has helped and financed the reinforcement of the
grid.
• Time variation of wind power:– Request of balancing is lower than expected and less
important than load management.
– Results of forecast models are improving and aggregating production from different sites reduces deviations.
• Technical Integration into the grid:– WTGs and wind farms are incorporating for grid stability
solutions.
– Voltage control and FACTs integration in Substations are being implemented.
– Other ancillary services are under investigation.
INTEGRATION OF WIND ENERGY INTO THE ELECTRICAL GRID.
SPAIN HAS THE MORE STRICT GRID CODES AND IT IS A PIONEER IN THE COORDINATION WITH
THE TSO
37
Shortcircuit in Loeches SE
500 MW are disconnected 300 km of distance .
• A joint study between the wind sector and the System Operators of PO (REN) and ES (REE), led by REE.
• Different scenarios of wind penetration according to the demand level of the Iberian Electrical System and adaptation of WTGs to comply with the grid codes.
• In parallel to future levels of wind power fed into the grid, consumption requests of active and reactive power in dip voltage conditions were evaluated
1400-1000 MW
400 MW
850-1000 MW
COLLABORATION BETWEEN WIND SECTOR AND SYSTEM OPERATORS IS
FOUNDAMENTAL: ALLOWS A MUTUAL UNDERSTADING OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
38
...WIND FARM
TelemandoVSAT
...WIND FARM
...WIND FARM
HUB
CECRE Punto a Punto
Control Center
ADSL
Dedicated line
CURTAILMENT CONDITIONSNetwork over-loadings at specific nodesRisks of losses of load due to dynamic stability problemsShort circuit limits which could affect the operation of protections at neighboring substationsExcess generation which can not be incorporated into the system at low load periods
CECRE
COORDINATED OPERATION OF ALL WIND FARMS BY THE SYSTEM OPERATOR
IMPROVES GRID SECURITY
39
PRODUCTION CURTAILMENTS IN MARCH 2008
Reducción de generación eólica por hueco de tensión (4/3/2008)
Reducción de generación eólica por sobrecarga (7/3/2008)
Fuente: CAM
40
SUMMARY
WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
KEY ELEMENTS FOR THE SUCCESS OF WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN:
SUPPORT MECHANISM
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
• WIND ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL MARKET
• PREDICTION
• IMPACT ON THE POOL MARKET
ADVANCED CODES AND IMPORTANT EXPERIENCE ON GRID INTEGRATION
CONCLUSIONS
41
It is the third country at world wide level and the goals for 2010 makes it the most interesting for the future within the EU.
The specificities of the Spanish development with wind farms for 25 MW in average size, facilitates the integration of wind energy into the grid as well as solutions such as clustering of several wind farms.
Wind producers are making offers to the market and therefore prediction is universally used.
LVRT Grid Code is the most strict in the world due to the isolation of the Iberian grid and used for manufacturers to develop products for third markets.
CONCLUSIONS ON WIND ENERGY IN SPAIN
Recommended