1 SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates. 2 What are Carbohydrates? Generic Formula of Simple Carbs...

SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Carbohydrates

What are Carbohydrates?

• Generic Formula of Simple Carbs(CH2O)n

• Sugars formed from CO2 and H2O

• Roles– Energy in diet– Mediating intercellular communication– Structural support (e.g. cell walls)

Classification

• Monosaccharides– Aldoses– Ketoses

• Polysaccharides (Glycans, Glycosides)

• Glycoproteins: sugars bound to proteins– N-linked Oligosaccharides– O-Linked Oligosaccharides

Aldoses & Ketoses

Sugars made from aldehydes form aldoses

Sugars made from ketones form ketoses

Important Aldoses To Study

5-Csugar

6-C sugars

All begin with CHO group

5-Csugar

6-C sugars

All end with group

5-Csugar

6-C sugars

Most names end with -ose suffix

Important Ketoses To Study

Most names all end with -ulose suffix

5-Csugar

3-Csugar

6-Csugar

Ketoses begin with group

5-Csugar

3-Csugar

6-Csugar

Most ketoses end with group

5-Csugar

3-Csugar

6-Csugar

Several ketoses end with -ulose suffix

5-Csugar

3-Csugar

6-Csugar

Structures of Monosaccharides

• Isomers and Epimers

• Enantiomers

• Anomeric Carbons

• Ways to Draw Monosaccharides– Fischer Projection– Haworth Projection– Chair form

Preferred

Isomers

• Isomers are different compounds that have the same chemical formula

C6H12O6

Epimers

Epimers are sugars that differ only by the configuration around one carbon atom.

Only difference

Enantiomers

Most sugars are found in the D-stereoisomer.D-Glyceraldehyde is the most simple aldose.

See Section

4-2 for help

Know this structure

Cyclization of MonosaccharidesAnomeric Carbons

AnomericCarbon

Cyclization of MonosaccharidesAnomeric Carbons

AnomericCarbon

αConformations Position of -OH Group on Anomeric C

Ways to Draw Monosaccharides

• Fischer Projection - linear• Haworth Projection - cyclic• Chair - cyclic

Cyclization of Monosaccharides

DownUp

Cyclization of Monosaccharides

DownUp

Polysaccharides

• Disaccharides: 2 sugars– Lactose: Glucose + Galactose– Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose– Maltose: Glucose + Glucose

• Oligosaccharides: 3-12 sugars

• Polysaccharides: 13+ sugars– Glycogen: homopolysaccharide of glucose– Glycosaminoglycans: heteropolysaccharides

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides,and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds.

Glycosidic Bond

SUCROSE

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides can be linked to form oligosaccharides,and ultimately polysaccharides via glycosidic bonds.

Glycosidic Bond

LACTOSE

Glycosidic Bonds in RNA

Starch in Plants

Glycoproteins: N-Linked

Glycoproteins: O-Linked

• When comparing two enzymes, the optimal catalytic activity can be determined by_______.

1. The smallest Km

2. The largest KM

3. The smallest Vmax

4. The smallest kcat/KM

• Which class of enzyme catalyzes group elimination to form double bonds?

1. Transferases2. Isomerases3. Lyases4. Ligases

• Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction?

1. Trypsin2. Troponin3. Chymotrypsin4. Hemoglobin

• Which of the following is a ketose?

1. Glucose2. Fructose3. Ribose4. Galactose

1 SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrates. 2 What are Carbohydrates? Generic Formula of Simple Carbs...

Documents

Carbohydrate Notes. There are 2 main types of carbohydrates. Simple carbs –are 1 or 2 sugars in very small molecules. Complex carbs –are very large molecules

Carbohydrates. What are Carbs? Body’s main source of energy Carbohydrates come in 3 forms Should form the bulk of your diet

NOTES: CH 41 Animal Nutrition & Digestion to fat-most carbohydrates supply ENERGY CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate requirements:-recommended that carbs make up 60% of a person’s diet

Good Bye Processed Carbs, Hello Steady Exercise. Problem Definition Too many meals and snacks consisting primarily of processed carbohydrates Too few

Matthew L. Dameron (pro hac vice forthcoming · sugar alcohols. 2. When it calculates “net carbs” for labeling purposes, Atkins subtracts carbohydrates associated with sugar alcohols

Managing Carbohydrates for Performance Horsesdenton.agrilife.org/files/2013/08/carbs-for-performance-horses.pdf · Feeding Guidelines to Maximize Glucose Metabolism ðüFeed at least

Carbohydrates: Good Carbs Guide the Way - Semantic Scholar...Carbohydrates were once grouped into two main categories. Simple carbohydrates included sugars such as fruit sugar (fructose),

Carbohydrates We know CARBS as sugars and starches. They are found in bread, fruits, vegetables, pasta, rice, potatoes, candy…

Carbohydrates Carbs (continued) Proteins C-Carbon, H

good carbs and bad carbs

Carbs for Your Hydroponic Garden: Do Carbohydrate … Paper...carbohydrates in plant formation and the benefits of feeding your crops as many carbs as possible. But those questions

Clase Carbs 2

Carbs (g): tray only Heart-friendly: Menu€¦ · Carbs (g): Approximate grams of carbohydrates are shown for the tray only and the full meal Heart-friendly:

CARBOHYDRATES A Complex Story. Carbohydrates = Carbon + Water Carbs are sugar compounds that plants make when they’re exposed to light. Carbs come in

Carbohydrates 2

Supplies food energy for your body Types of carbs –Simple carbohydrates (sugars) in sugar from a sugar bowl, fruit, and milk –Complex carbohydrates

Bio 98 - Lecture 11 Carbohydrates a.k.a. Sugars, Carbs…

Objective: Understand carbohydrates and what foods they are found in. Warm up: 1. What is your favorite source of carbs?

Good Carbs vs. Bad Carbs! - pakskarate.com · Good Carbs vs. Bad Carbs! Carbohydrates are the most important source of fuel for your body; your body cannot run properly without them

FOOD SAVVY – INTRODUCTIONsubscribers.sun-sentinel.com/services/newspaper/... · technical term for “good” carbs is complex carbohydrates, and the technical term for “bad”