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1Second semester 14-15
SECTION 2
MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH THROUGH GOOD NUTRITION
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
2Second semester 14-15
Chapter 10Diet during
Pregnancy and Lactation
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
3Second semester 14-15
Facts Good nutrition during the normal pregnancy is
essential for both mother and child. There is a relationship between mother’s diet and
health of baby at birth The woman who consumed a nutritious diet before
pregnancy is more apt to bear a healthy infant than one who did not.
Malnutrition of the mother is believed to cause decreased growth and mental retardation in the fetus
The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is 11-15 kg (slightly more for underweight women, slightly less for
overweight women).Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
4Second semester 14-15
Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy The protein requirement is increased by 20% for the pregnant
woman There is no need for increased vitamin A during pregnancy as
excessive intake can cause birth defects eg. (hydrocephaly, microcephaly, mental retardation )
Water soluble vitamins should be increased Minerals such as calcium, iron, zinc and iodine are all increased
during pregnancy. Calcium is essential for functions such as development of the
infant's bones and teeth Drinking additional milk each day is a good way of providing
these nutrients (three cups each day) An iron supplement is commonly prescribed during pregnancy.
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
5Second semester 14-15
Concerns during Pregnancy
Nausea
Constipation
Heartburn
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Anemia
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
6Second semester 14-15
NauseaNausea
Also known as morning sickness Occurs most commonly during first trimester Suggestions:
Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising Eat small, frequent meals Avoid food with offensive odors Avoid liquids at mealtime
Hyperemesis gravidarum: Occurs when nausea becomes so severe that it is life-
threatening May require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
7Second semester 14-15
Constipation
Constipation and hemorrhoids can occur during
pregnancy. Suggestions:
Eat high-fiber diet
Participate in daily exercise
Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day
Respond promptly to urge to defecate
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
8Second semester 14-15
Heartburn Can result from pressure on stomach by growing
fetus and relaxation of cardiac sphincter and
smooth muscles related to progesterone.
Suggestions: Eat small, frequent meals Avoid spicy or greasy foods Avoid liquids at mealtime Wait at least one hour after eating to lie down and
two hours before exercisingBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
9Second semester 14-15
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Formerly known as preeclampsia or toxemia Sometimes occurs during the third trimester. Characterized by : ( high blood pressure, presence of
albumin in the urine (proteinuria), and edema) May progress into eclamptic stage with convulsions,
coma, and possible death of mother and infant Higher incidence with first pregnancy, multifetal
pregnancies, morbidly obese women, or women with inadequate diets Especially protein-deficient
More frequent in pregnant adults
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
10Second semester 14-15
Anemia Condition caused by insufficiency of RBCs,
hemoglobin, or blood volume Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor Types
1. Iron-deficiency anemia Most common form Treated with a daily iron supplement.
2. Folate deficiency anemia Characterized by too few red blood cells and large
immature red blood cells. Prevented by folate supplement
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
11Second semester 14-15
Diet for the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes
Gestational diabetes Occurs during pregnancy and disappears after birth Routine screening part of prenatal care Nutrient requirements of pregnant woman with
diabetes same as non-diabetic pregnant woman Insulin often used during pregnancy to control any
type of diabetes Diet plan depends on type and number of insulin
injections required Artificial sweeteners found to be safe during
pregnancyBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
12Second semester 14-15
Pregnancy during Adolescence Nutritional, physical, psychological, social, and
economic demands on pregnant adolescents are big
Nutrition must meet needs of adolescent’s growing body and needs of fetus
High risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery
Inadequate nutrition of mother related to both mental and physical birth defects
Much counseling and emotional support neededBader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
13Second semester 14-15
Lactation
Almost all women can breastfeed.
Lactation is the production and secretion of breast
milk for purpose of nourishing infant
No supplemental feedings should be given until
feeding routine established
Human milk formulated to meet nutrient needs of
infants for first six months of life
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
14Second semester 14-15
Benefits of Breastfeeding for the Infant
Breast milk Has perfect composition for baby’s needsBreast milk provides antibodiesLower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.Promotion of good jaw developmentDecreased risk of obesity later in lifeFacilitation of bonding between mother and childHelps lose weight gained during pregnancyStimulates uterus to contract back to original sizeIs economicalProvides opportunity for restingIs always right temperature and readily available
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
15Second semester 14-15
Conclusion Pregnant woman most likely to remain healthy and
bear healthy infant if following well-balanced diet Anemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension Two conditions that can be caused by inadequate
nutrition Caloric and most nutrient requirements increase for
pregnant and lactating women
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Pregnancy and Lactation
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