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Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.
Spanky’s Yearbook A
rchive
Spanky’s Yearbook A
rchive
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Measures of Memory
In recognition the person has to identify an item amongst others. E.g., a multiple-
choice test
1. Name the capital of France
a. Brusselsb. Romec. Londond. Paris
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Measures of MemoryIn recall the person must
retrieve information using effort with very
few external cues.E.g., an essay test.
A fill-in-the blank test requires (cued) recall.
1. The capital of France is ______.
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Measures of Memory
In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when
learning material a second time.
ListJetDaggerTreeKite…SilkFrogRing
It took 10 trialsto learn this list
ListJetDaggerTreeKite…SilkFrogRing
It took 5 trialsto learn the list
1 day laterSaving
OriginalTrials
RelearningTrials
RelearningTrials
10 510
50%
X 100
X 100
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Retrieval Cues
Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like
anchors that help retrieve memory.
Fire Truck
truck
red
fire
heatsmoke
smellwater
hose
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Priming
To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you first need to
activate one of the strands that lead to it, a process called priming.
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Context Effects (encoding specificity)
Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learnt the list
underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land (Godden
& Baddeley, 1975).
Fred McC
onnaughey/ Photo Researchers
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Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “"I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an
earlier similar experience.
© T
he New
Yorker C
ollection, 1990. Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbank.com
. All R
ights Reserved
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Context Effects
After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants most strongly responded when
retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).
Courtesy of C
arolyn Rovee-C
ollier, R
utgers University
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