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1
QUENCHING THE THIRST OF MILLIONS IN THE WORLD- APPLICATION OF
PROCESSED MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT
SULEYMAN AREMU MUYIBIEmail:
engrmuyibi@yahoo.comBioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit
(BERU)Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Faculty of EngineeringInternational Islamic University Malaysia
November 2005
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CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION WATER TREATMENT- OVERVIEW WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS CHEMICALS USED IN SURFACE
WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS FACED IN USE OF
CHEMICAL COAGULANTS PROPOSED SOLUTION –
MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES APPLICATION OF PROCESSED
SEEDS IN TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATER
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INTRODUCTION
Drinking water which should be palatable and potable is essential to the health and welfare of a community and water from all sources must have some form of purification before consumption.
About 1.2 billion people still lack safe drinking water and more than 6 million children die from diarrhea in developing countries every year.
Water borne diseases still kill on the average 25,000 people every day in developing countries while millions suffer the debilitating effects of these diseases.
About 75% of the present world population live in the developing countries of the world.
About 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries are water related e.g. cholera, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
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WATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW
Various methods are used to make water safe and attractive to the consumer.
The method employed depends on the character and source of the raw water e.g. surface water, groundwater.
For surface water, coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation, filtration and disinfection, often by chlorine, is used worldwide in the water treatment industry before distribution of the treated water to consumers.
Groundwater if too hard will have to be softened by using lime, soda ash, ion-exchange etc. to treat it.
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WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS
Water treatment companies in in developing countries face a myriad of problems
Some of these are: Large seasonal variation in raw water quality e.g.
turbidity. Water treatment chemicals are imported with
scarce foreign currency. High cost of water treatment chemicals which
constitute between 35% to 70% of recurrent expenditure.
Inadequate supply of chemicals for water treatment Inadequate laboratory facilities to monitor process
performances required to operate the plants. Inadequate funding Low revenue base Water supply considered as a social commodity
rather than an economic resource Inadequate skilled manpower, Poor operational and maintenance schedules, Adoption of inappropriate technology. Inadequate supply to meet growing demand Underdosing of chemicals leading supply of poor
quality water.
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CHEMICALS USED IN SURFACE WATER TREATMENT
Coagulants: Many coagulants are widely used in conventional
water treatment processes for turbidity removal. These coagulants can be classified into:
Inorganic coagulant: such as Aluminium sulphate (alum) “PAC” (poly-aluminum chloride), Poly-aluminum silico sulphate (PASS), Ferric Chloride.
Synthetic organic polymers: poly-electrolytes are used as primary coagulant as well as coagulant aids to improve the strength of particle aggregates, enhance coagulation and deposition.
Natural coagulants / flocculants. Alkalinity and pH correctants:
Calcium hydroxide( slaked lime) Sodium Carbonate (soda ash)
Disinfectants: Chlorine compounds e.g Calcium hypo chloride, chloride gas, sodium hypo chloride , ozone, chlorine dioxide etc.
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PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICAL COAGULANTS
Potential health and environmental problems in the use of chemical coagulants.
Aluminum has also been indicated to be a causative agent in neurological diseases such as pre-senile dementia
There is a fear that ingestion of aluminum ions may induce Alzheimer’s disease
Sludge produced are voluminous and non-biodegradable after treatment and therefore poses disposal problems leading to increase cost of treatment.
The costs of these chemicals has been increasing at an alarming rate in developing countries.
Most of the water treatment companies cannot cope with the high costs due to declining revenues and funding
The inability of local supplies to satisfy the demand due to competing uses.
Foreign exchange problem for imported chemicals.
.
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PROBLEMS FACED IN THE USE OF CHEMICAL
COAGULANTS
There is also the problem of reaction of alum with natural alkalinity present in water leading to reduction of pH and a low efficiency in coagulation of cold waters.
Under-dosing of chemicals so as to meet the increasing water demand leading to production of poor quality drinking water.
Using alum as well as other metallic salt coagulants produces large sludge volumes which are also non-biodegradable.
Ferric salts and synthetic polymers have also been used as coagulants but with limited success because of the same disadvantages manifested in the use of aluminum salts
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PROPOSED SOLUTION MORINGA OLEIFERA
SEEDS Naturally occurring coagulants are usually presumed
safe for human health. Some studies on natural coagulants have been carried
out and various natural coagulants were produced or extracted from microorganisms, animals or plants.
One of these alternatives is Moringa oleifera seeds. It is a native tree of the sub-Himalayan parts of
Northwest India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is now widely cultivated across Africa e.g. Nigeria,
Niger, Malawi, Tanzania etc. South America, most part of South – East Asia for example, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippine, Cambodia, Middle East, Central America, and The Caribbean islands.
The traditional use of the Moringa oleifera seeds for domestic household water treatment is limited to certain rural areas in the Sudan.
Moringa oleifera is a perfect example of a so-called “multipurpose tree”
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Moringa oleifera multipurpose uses
Ground Seed Cake as coagulant - flocculant in water treatment
Oil from seeds Fencing of
property
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MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
LOW TECHNOLOGY
Suitable for households to small community water supplies.
Production of biocompost/ bio-fertilizer from sludge produced after treatment
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LOW TECHNOLOGYSEED PROCESSING
REMOVE DRY SEED FROM PODS AND SHELL
(DEHAULING PROCESS)
GRIND SEED TO A VERY FINE POWDER
PACK POWDER IN A PLASTIC BAG AND SEAL TO KEEP IT AIRTIGHT
STORE IN A DRY PLACE UNTIL WHEN NEEDED
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MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY
SUITABLE FOR MEDIUM TO LARGE COMMUNITIES
USEFUL BY PRODUCTS FROM PROCESSING e.g. edible oil, activated carbon from husk and seed shell, bio-fertilizer / biocompost from sludge after treatment, etc.
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MEDIUM TECHNOLOGYSEED PROCESSING
DEHAUL DRY SEEDS
EXTRACT OIL FROM POWDERUSING COLD PRESS,
ORGANIC SOLVENTS, STEAM ETC
DRY POWDER (residue) TO REMOVEALL TRACES OF SOLVENT OR MOISTURE
PACK POWDER IN A PLASTIC BAG AND SEAL TO KEEP IT AIRTIGHT
STORE IN A DRY PLACE UNTIL WHEN NEEDED
Process Oil For use
Convert seed Husk, pods etcTo Activated
Carbon, fuel for Steam production etc
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MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
HIGH TECHNOLOGY SEED PROCESSING
Suitable for medium to large scale applications.
Have high shelf life Large scale production for export to
other countries. Efficient in the treatment of raw
water with diverse characteristics. Low dosage applications. Many useful byproducts e.g. oil,
poultry and livestock feed, bio-fertilizer etc.
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HIGH TECHNOLOGY SEED PROCESSING
DEHUSK DRY SEEDS
EXTRACT OILENZYME ASSISTED/
SOLVENT/ COLD PRESS ETC.
EXTRACT BIO-FLOCCULANTSION-EXCHANGE, ULTRAFILTRATION
CROSSFLOW MICROFILTRATION,
PACKAGINGLIQUID FORM OR
SOLID( FREEZE DRYING, CENTRIFUGE& DRYING)
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APPLICATION IN WATER TREATMENT
Household and Community Level water treatment units.
Treatment Unit operations and processes. Manual of operation required for dosing, filter
cleaning and maintenance etc. Use Moringa oleifera seed processed with low
technology
COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION
COAGULANT DOSING
FILTRATIONSLOW SAND FILTERS
STORAGE AND
DISTRIBUTION FOR USE
SLUDGE MIXEDWITH AGRO-WASTE
BIOCOMPOST
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APPLICATION IN WATER TREATMENT
LARGE SCALE
Application areas: Existing conventional water treatment
plants with slight modifications. New water treatment plants. Use processed Moringa seed from
medium technology or high technology. Provide manual of operation for dosing,
filter maintenance etc.
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APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL WATER
TREATMENT Existing Water Treatment Plants
COAGULATIONRAPID MIXING
COAGULANT DOSING
FLOCCULATIONSLOW MIXING
SEDIMENTATION
FILTRATION(RAPID SAND)
DISINFECTION, STORAGEDISTRIBUTION
SLUDGETREATMENTConvert To Bio-Compost
Soil Conditioner etc.
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APPLICATION IN LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL
WATER TREATMENT
Application in new water treatment plants. Requires design and operation
modification
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APPLICATION IN NEW LARGE SCALE WATER TREATMENT
OPTION A: RAPID SAND FILTERS Coagulant Dosing
COAGULATION
FLOCCULATION
DIRECT FILTRATIONRapid sand Filters
DISINFECTIONSTORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
SLUDGE TREATMENTBio-compost
Soil conditioner
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APPLICATION IN NEW LARGE SCALE WATER TREATMENT
OPTION B: SLOW SAND FILTERS
COAGULATION
Coagulant Dosing
DIRECT FILTRATIONSLOW SAND FILTER
DISINFECTIONSTORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
Filter CleaningSand replacementSludge disposal
Biocompost, soil conditioner
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR
IMPLEMENTATION Formation of Multi - disciplinary project groups.
Environmental Engineers/Scientists, Water resources engineers/scientists , water utility company officials: Introduction of technology and modalities for adoption
Agricultural experts ( agriculturists, extension experts, engineers): Cultivation techniques of Moringa trees and harvesting on a large scale
Processing industries e.g. food processing, seed oil processing etc: for processing of seeds.
NGOs involved in water related projects Funding by the relevant authorities for the
design , fabrication, and commissioning of pilot scale water treatment plants.
Demonstration and Training of water treatment plant operators, NGOs involved in community based water supply projects.
Preparation of design and operation manuals for seed processing and application techniques in water treatment.
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR
IMPLEMENTATION (contd.)
Organise workshops and seminars for transfer of technology in the following areas. Cultivation of Moringa oleifera trees,
harvesting of dried seeds Processing techniques of the seeds for
application in water treatment Application of the processed seed in
water treatment Public campaign and enlightenment on the
novel technology to encourage. Large scale cultivation of Moringa oleifera
trees as cash crop. Application in small scale DIY drinking
water treatment especially in rural areas. Network and cooperation with
relevant local and international institutions.
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RESEARCH DIRECTION ON MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED FOR APPLICATION IN
WATER TREATMENT AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Development of economical and commercial processing techniques of Moringa oleifera seeds i.e medium and high technology methods.
Oil extraction( mechanical press, solvent extration, steam extraction, enzyme assisted extraction etc.) as value added product.
Seed husk, pods etc. as raw material for biocoversion into biocompost, bioalcohol etc.
Processing of cake for application in water treatment and water pollution control after oil extraction Membrane separation techniques e.g.
ultrafiltration, cross-flow microfiltration etc. Centrifugation , freeze-drying Ion exchange etc.
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Research Direction on Moringa Oleifera seed Application in Water Treatment and Water Pollution Control by the Bioenvironmental Research Unit (BERU) at the International Islamic University Malaysia To isolate and purify the bioactive constituents in
Moringa Oleifera seeds. To characterize the molecular structure, formula,
weight, and charge of the isolated bioactive constituents.
To carry out detailed studies on the bioactive constituents to determine possible positive synergistic effects in the combination of isolates on application in water (for potable use) and wastewater (industrial and municipal) treatment for water pollution control (surface and groundwater).
To produce samples of the best combination of isolate of the bioactive constituents.
To develop commercially viable, ( recovery of value added products e.g. oil, biocompost, biofuel) sustainable, and efficient seed processing techniques.
To develop user-friendly and appropriate technology techniques for application of processed Moringa Oleifera seeds for water treatment and water pollution control in developing countries
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