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1
Paola Agostini
E-mail: Pagostini@worldbank.org
Rome, May 10, 2006
Ghana: SLM/PES – GEF Project(Terrafrica)
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1986 (January) Landsat Image
2002 (March) Landsat Image
2002: Dark reds = dense tree cover (forest/plantations); greens and yellows = grass; pale-medium blue = bare; dark blue-black = water. Background difference in 1986 mainly a season effect.
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Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded
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Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded
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Loss of tree cover (5% estimated )
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Critical loss of biodiversity and carbon
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Unsustained landuse
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Total loss of tree cover & resultant siltation
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Problems of traditional conventional agriculture production in Ghana
Reasons for the depletion Conversion of forest land for cash crops Shifting cultivation Overgrazing Bushfire Unsustainable timber logging Uncontrolled collection of Non-Timber
Forest Products (NTFPs)
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Possible Technologies for better NRM/SLM
Riparian Forests
Intensive SPS
On agricultural land: Mixed tree crop systems (cocoa agroforests –
cocoa, fruit, timber) Simple tree crop systems (fruit trees) Field boundary planting (fruit, timber) Woodlots (timber) Soil Management
Adjacent to agricultural land: Riparian strips Hedgerows Natural areas Forestland
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Examples of Land uses with Tree Systems
Riparian Forests
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Examples of Land Uses with Tree Systems
Live fences or wind-breaks
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Benefits of Tree Crops Systems and Project Objective
Production ConservationLink
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Benefits of Agroforestry systems
On-site benefits: Promote soil fertility Provide shade Provide fodder Provide additional products (timber, fruit, etc)
Biodiversity benefits: Host larger number and wider variety of species Help connect remaining natural habitats
Carbon benefits: Sequester more carbon in soil and biomass
Water benefits: Higher infiltration (but higher evapotranspiration) Improved water filtration
Often insufficient to justify adoption
Ignored by land users
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What are Environmental Services?
Working Definition: Regulatory functions – upon stocks
and flows of matter and energy – of natural ecosystems which help to maintain or improve the environment and quality of life.
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Example: Hydrologic Services
Possible downstream beneficiaries:
• Water for domestic use• Irrigation systems• Hydroelectric power
generation• Fishing• Recreation• Downstream ecosystems
Land uses in upper watersheds affect the quantity, quality, and timing of stream flows.
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New Principles
Payment for Environmental Services from those who Benefit and Payment to those
Land Owners whose Natural Capital produces those services.
Development of Markets for Environmental Services
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Payments for environmental services
Benefits to land users
Costs to downstream populations and global community
Conventional System
Payment
Improved system with
PES
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Impact of PES on profitability
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Year
Net
farm
inco
me (
US
$)
Current practices
Silvopastoral practices
Silvopastoral practices with PES
Note: 20ha farm in Nicaragua
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Barriers to adoption of Tree Systems/Agroforestry systems
Technological Barriers Capacity/ Institutional Barriers Financial Barriers Policy Barriers Cultural Barriers
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Project Components
1. Policy formulation and dissemination
2. Sustainable Land Management Extension and Capacity Building
3. Eco-services Fund
4. Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Project Coordination
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Consultation process
2004 IITA visits LAC project 2005 Jan Thematic Group Grant for Exchange
LAC/AFR Feb 2005 Workshop in Accra May 2005 Mission IITA- GoG- WB June 2005 Workshop in Ghana August 2005 – Request from Ministry of Environment Oct 2005 GoN-WB-IITA preparation of Block B Feb 2006 Mission to Ghana- WB-GoG-IITA Submission of Block B to GEF (feb 10, 06)
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