1 Information Systems Applied Multimedia INT 2. 2 What is Multimedia? Multimedia is the presentation...

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Information SystemsInformation Systems

Applied MultimediaApplied Multimedia

INT 2INT 2

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What is Multimedia?What is Multimedia?

Multimedia is the presentation of Multimedia is the presentation of information by a computer system using information by a computer system using graphics, animation, sound and text.graphics, animation, sound and text.

Interactive multimedia gives the viewer Interactive multimedia gives the viewer control over which elements are control over which elements are delivered and when.delivered and when.

Hypermedia is when the user can Hypermedia is when the user can navigate through a series of linked navigate through a series of linked elements.elements.

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Contemporary UsesContemporary Uses

BusinessBusiness• advertisingadvertising• e-commerce – selling productse-commerce – selling products• presentationspresentations

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Contemporary UsesContemporary Uses

EducationEducation• CAL Computer Assisted LearningCAL Computer Assisted Learning• reference materialsreference materials

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Contemporary UsesContemporary Uses

HomeHome• gamesgames• leisure pursuitsleisure pursuits• ShoppingShopping

PublicPublic• information servicesinformation services

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Means of DeliveryMeans of Delivery

CD ROMCD ROM DVD ROMDVD ROM KioskKiosk WWWWWW

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Comparison of Delivery MediaComparison of Delivery Media

Data capacityData capacity Ease of updateEase of update

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AnalysisAnalysis

Project BriefProject Brief Requirements Specification Requirements Specification

• Purpose Purpose • User / audienceUser / audience• ContentContent• Delivery mediaDelivery media• BudgetBudget• TimescaleTimescale

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Navigational StructuresNavigational Structures

Linear StructureLinear Structure Hierarchical StructureHierarchical Structure Web Structure Web Structure Search criteriaSearch criteria

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Navigational StructuresNavigational Structures

Linear StructureLinear Structure

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Navigational StructuresNavigational Structures

Hierarchical StructureHierarchical Structure

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Navigational StructuresNavigational Structures

Web Structure Web Structure

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Search CriteriaSearch Criteria

Search Operators Search Operators AND AND OR OR NOTNOT

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ANDAND

ANDAND is a connector that requires both is a connector that requires both words to be present in each record in words to be present in each record in the results. the results.

Use Use ANDAND to narrow your search. to narrow your search.• Television Television 999 hits 999 hits

• Violence Violence 876 hits 876 hits

• Television Television ANDAND Violence Violence 123 hits 123 hits The words 'television' and 'violence' The words 'television' and 'violence'

will both be present in each record.will both be present in each record.

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OROR

OROR is a connector that allows either word is a connector that allows either word to be present in each record in the results. to be present in each record in the results.

Use Use OROR to expand your search. to expand your search.• Adolescents Adolescents 97 hits 97 hits

• Teenagers Teenagers 75 hits 75 hits

• Adolescents Adolescents OROR teenagers teenagers 172 hits 172 hits

Either 'adolescents' or 'teenagers' (or Either 'adolescents' or 'teenagers' (or both) will be present in each record.both) will be present in each record.

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NOTNOT

NOTNOT is a connector that requires the first is a connector that requires the first word be present in each record in the word be present in each record in the results, but only if the record does not results, but only if the record does not contain the second word.contain the second word.• High school High school 423 hits 423 hits

• Elementary Elementary 652 hits 652 hits

• High school High school NOTNOT Elementary Elementary 275 hits 275 hits

Each record contains the words 'high school', Each record contains the words 'high school', but not the word 'elementary'.but not the word 'elementary'.

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User InterfacesUser Interfaces

Command Line InterfaceCommand Line Interface Menu DrivenMenu Driven Form Fill-InForm Fill-In Graphical User Interface- Graphical User Interface- direct direct

manipulationmanipulation

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Screen Design : StoryboardsScreen Design : Storyboards

Layout of screen elementsLayout of screen elements Transitions between screensTransitions between screens NavigationNavigation MenusMenus HyperlinksHyperlinks ButtonsButtons HotspotsHotspots

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Text : Design PrinciplesText : Design Principles

Quantity of textQuantity of text Fonts, alignment and sizeFonts, alignment and size Lists and tablesLists and tables Headings / subheadingsHeadings / subheadings

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Graphics : Design PrinciplesGraphics : Design Principles

Number of graphics on screenNumber of graphics on screen Placing of graphics on screenPlacing of graphics on screen Text wrap Text wrap CaptionsCaptions

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Audio : Design PrinciplesAudio : Design Principles

Background musicBackground music Sound effectsSound effects Disadvantages / advantagesDisadvantages / advantages Voice output (accessibility issues)Voice output (accessibility issues) User-controlled volumeUser-controlled volume

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Basic HardwareBasic Hardware

ProcessorProcessor MemoryMemory Hard discHard disc CD-ROMCD-ROM DVD-ROMDVD-ROM Audio card and speakerAudio card and speaker Video card and colour monitorVideo card and colour monitor Keyboard and mouseKeyboard and mouse

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Additional HardwareAdditional Hardware

Microphone to capture sound.Microphone to capture sound. Video capture board to capture Video capture board to capture

videos.videos. Scanner to capture graphics or Scanner to capture graphics or

text.text. MIDI keyboard to create music.MIDI keyboard to create music. Digital camera to capture Digital camera to capture

graphics.graphics.

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Basic SoftwareBasic Software

System softwareSystem software Text softwareText software Graphics softwareGraphics software Video softwareVideo software Audio softwareAudio software Multimedia softwareMultimedia software

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Text SoftwareText Software

Word processingWord processing Desk Top PublishingDesk Top Publishing Specialised Text SoftwareSpecialised Text Software Optical Character RecognitionOptical Character Recognition Voice recognitionVoice recognition Handwriting recognitionHandwriting recognition

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StorageStorage BitBit

• One binary digitOne binary digit ByteByte

• 8 bits8 bits KilobyteKilobyte

• 1024 bytes 1024 bytes MegabyteMegabyte

• 1024 kilobytes 1024 kilobytes GigabyteGigabyte

• 1024 megabytes1024 megabytes TerabyteTerabyte

• 1024 gigabytes 1024 gigabytes

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Storage TextStorage Text

ByteByte• 8 binary digits8 binary digits

KilobyteKilobyte• Approx 1000 characters, about a third Approx 1000 characters, about a third

of an A4 page of textof an A4 page of text MegabyteMegabyte

• approx 300 A4 pages of textapprox 300 A4 pages of text GigabyteGigabyte

• approx 300000 A4 pages of textapprox 300000 A4 pages of text

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Still Graphics CaptureStill Graphics Capture

Clip ArtClip Art

ScanningScanning

Digital CameraDigital Camera

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Bit-mapped GraphicsBit-mapped Graphics

Resolution is the number of pixels or Resolution is the number of pixels or dots per inch, dpi. As the resolution dots per inch, dpi. As the resolution increases the file size for the image increases the file size for the image increases.increases.

Colour depth depends on the number Colour depth depends on the number of colours available for use. The greater of colours available for use. The greater the number of colours the clearer the the number of colours the clearer the picture. For this however, more picture. For this however, more memory is needed.memory is needed.

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File CompressionFile Compression

Because bit-mapped graphics files Because bit-mapped graphics files can be very large they often have can be very large they often have to be compressed. The space can to be compressed. The space can be reduced to a fifth of the be reduced to a fifth of the uncompressed size when saved as uncompressed size when saved as a JPEG.a JPEG.

JPEG stands for Joint Photographic JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group.Experts Group.

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Storage GraphicsStorage Graphics BitBit

• black / white pixelblack / white pixel ByteByte

• 256 colour pixel256 colour pixel KilobyteKilobyte

• very small simple clip art type graphicvery small simple clip art type graphic MegabyteMegabyte

• 3 x 2 inch photographic image 300 dpi, 16 bit colour 3 x 2 inch photographic image 300 dpi, 16 bit colour (thousands)(thousands)

• approx 4 compressed JPEG photo images 24 bit colour approx 4 compressed JPEG photo images 24 bit colour (millions)(millions)

GigabyteGigabyte• around 170 6 x 4 inch photo images 300dpi, 24 bit around 170 6 x 4 inch photo images 300dpi, 24 bit

colour colour • around 4000 JPEG photographic images 24 bit colouraround 4000 JPEG photographic images 24 bit colour

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Digital SoundDigital Sound

Digital AudioDigital Audio• audio recordingsaudio recordings• music downloadsmusic downloads

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Digital AudioDigital Audio

Factors affecting quality and file Factors affecting quality and file size.size.

Sampling ResolutionSampling Resolution

Sampling FrequencySampling Frequency

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Sampling ResolutionSampling Resolution

Each sampling of the frequency is Each sampling of the frequency is stored in a certain number of bitsstored in a certain number of bits

8 bits would store a range of 256 8 bits would store a range of 256 different sounds and so give an different sounds and so give an accurate representation of the accurate representation of the sound for each samplingsound for each sampling

The number of bits is called the The number of bits is called the sampling resolutionsampling resolution

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Audio Input HardwareAudio Input Hardware

Microphone captures sound and Microphone captures sound and transmits it as a varying electrical transmits it as a varying electrical voltage.voltage.

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Sampling FrequencySampling Frequency

To change analogue sound to digital the To change analogue sound to digital the sound is sampled several thousand sound is sampled several thousand times per second, between 11KHz and times per second, between 11KHz and 44KHz. This is called the sampling 44KHz. This is called the sampling frequency. frequency.

The higher the sampling frequency, the The higher the sampling frequency, the better the sound quality.better the sound quality.

The higher the sampling frequency the The higher the sampling frequency the more memory and storage needed to more memory and storage needed to process and save the file.process and save the file.

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Digital Audio SoftwareDigital Audio Software

edit the waveform directlyedit the waveform directly adjust the volume of the audioadjust the volume of the audio splice pieces of audio togethersplice pieces of audio together down-sample to reduce the file down-sample to reduce the file

sizesize fade-in and fade-out the audiofade-in and fade-out the audio use special effects like echo and use special effects like echo and

reverbreverb

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Storage SoundStorage Sound

KilobyteKilobyte• Approx 3 seconds of MIDI soundApprox 3 seconds of MIDI sound

MegabyteMegabyte• Approx 7 seconds of CD quality soundApprox 7 seconds of CD quality sound• Approx 1 minute of compressed MP3 soundApprox 1 minute of compressed MP3 sound

GigabyteGigabyte• Approx 120 minutes of CD quality soundApprox 120 minutes of CD quality sound• Approx 20 hours of compressed MP3 soundApprox 20 hours of compressed MP3 sound

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Digital CompressionDigital Compression

Since Digital Audio files can be Since Digital Audio files can be very large they are often very large they are often compressed to reduce storage compressed to reduce storage space.space.

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3

MP3 as it is more commonly knownMP3 as it is more commonly known

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Multimedia Creation SoftwareMultimedia Creation Software

PresentationPresentation Software allows the Software allows the creation of simple linear slide show type creation of simple linear slide show type presentations.presentations.• PowerpointPowerpoint

AuthoringAuthoring Software allows the creation Software allows the creation of more flexible and interactive of more flexible and interactive presentations.presentations.• AuthorwareAuthorware

Web DesignWeb Design Software allows the Software allows the creation of interactive web pages.creation of interactive web pages.• FrontpageFrontpage

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Authoring SoftwareAuthoring Software

Icon based PackagesIcon based Packages are very easy to are very easy to use as the graphics, text, animations use as the graphics, text, animations etc. are represented as icons in a flow etc. are represented as icons in a flow chart.chart.• AuthorwareAuthorware

Scripting PackagesScripting Packages are more difficult to are more difficult to learn as they use a special type of learn as they use a special type of scripting, or programming language. scripting, or programming language. They do give more control and a high They do give more control and a high degree of accuracy for timing the degree of accuracy for timing the events in a presentation.events in a presentation.• DirectorDirector

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Comparison of SoftwareComparison of Software

Ease of useEase of use CostCost Programming requirementsProgramming requirements

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PersonnelPersonnel

Project managerProject manager Multimedia designerMultimedia designer Subject specialistSubject specialist Media specialistsMedia specialists ProgrammersProgrammers WebmasterWebmaster

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StructureStructure

NodeNode LinkLink AnchorAnchor

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TestingTesting

Screen testing Screen testing Navigational testsNavigational tests

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DocumentationDocumentation

User documentationUser documentation• Hardware and software requirementsHardware and software requirements• User instructionsUser instructions

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Copyright IssuesCopyright Issues

Copyright Design & Patents ActCopyright Design & Patents Act Copyright licensesCopyright licenses

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EvaluationEvaluation

Fitness for purposeFitness for purpose