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CHAPTER CONTENT
Preview 2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past 2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs 2-3 Forms of the simple past: be 2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings 2-5 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms 2-6 The principal parts of a verb 2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list 2-8 The simple past and the past progressive 2-9 Forms of the past progressive 2-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses 2-11 Expressing past habit: used to
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER CONTENTCHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
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CHAPTER CONTENTCHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE
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CHAPTER CONTENTCHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PAST TENSE
PRESENT TENSE
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
We graduated from college in 2007.
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours last Wednesday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
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activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in past (yesterday, last night, in 2007)
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied English for six hours last Wednesday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
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watch
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(c) They watched the movie last night.
(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
+ed = watchedanswer +ed = answered
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
THE SIMPLE PAST
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2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.
THE SIMPLE PAST
Irregular past:sleep sleptunderstand understoodeat ate
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Simple past forms of be was and were
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
(h) They were in Belgium last month.
THE SIMPLE PAST
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We started school last week.
2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.
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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT
NEGATIVE
I-You-She-He-It-We-They
started school last week.
I-You-She-He-It-We-They
did not start school last week.
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2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
QUESTION
SHORT ANSWER
I-you-she-he-it-we-they
start school last week?
Did
I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.Yes,I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t.No,
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2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
She was sick last Monday.
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STATEMENT
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
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STATEMENT
NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not home last week.
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
We-You-They were not home last week.
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QUESTIONI-she-he-it home last week?Was
2-3 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST: BE
we-you-they home last week?Were
SHORT ANSWER
I-she-he-it was.we-you-they were.
Yes,Yes,
I-she-he-it- wasn’t.we-you-they weren’t.
No,No,
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They _______ at the movies last night at 8:00.
2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
They ____ at the grocery store last night at 8:00.
weren’t
were
is
They were at the movies last night at 8:00.?
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
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CHAPTER CONTENT2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
This airplane was madein 1625.
This airplane ______ made in 1625.
This airplane ___ made in 1943.
wasn’t
was
?1943 is
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
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ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
2-1, 2-2, 2-3 Let’s Practice
Did Carla get a bad gradeon her test?
Carla ________ a bad grade on her test.
Carla ________ an excellent grade on her test.
didn’t get
got
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
get?
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
talked
talk/t/
She talked to me for an hour.
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voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/ stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/watched = watch/t/washed = wash/t/
examples:
k
/k/ /p/
pp
,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
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/k/ /s/ /ch/ /sh/,
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/ stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/watched = watch/t/washed = wash/t/
examples:
/p/
ssch
sh
, , ,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
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voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/ rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/robbed = rob/d/stayed = stay/d/
examples:
ll
/l/ /n/
n
,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
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voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/ rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/robbed = rob/d/stayed = stay/d/
examples: /l/ /n/ /v/
v
/b/
bb
all vowel sounds
y
, , , ,
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
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“t” or “d” + -ed / d/
(c) waited = wait / d/ needed = need / d/
td
ee
e
2-4 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED ENDINGS
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-4 Let’s Practice
behaved
behave__ 1. /t/2. /d/3. / d/
e
?
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-4 Let’s Practice
behaved
behave__ 1. /t/2. /d/3. / d/
e
/d/
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-4 Let’s Practice
planted
plant___? 1. /t/2. /d/3. / d/
e
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plant___
2-4 Let’s Practice
/ d/
e 1. /t/2. /d/3. / d/
eplanted
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We are learning to speak English.
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
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smiledsmilingsmile
hopedhoping
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-e NO
-ed form: add -d
hope
(a)
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learnlearning
helpinghelphelped
learned
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Consonants NO
add -ed
(b)
Two consonants
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heatheatingheated
rainedrainingrain
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Vowels + One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(c)
Two vowels + one consonant
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planningplanned
stopping
plan
stoppedstop
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel + One Consonant
YES
add -ed
(d)
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
Double the consonant and
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visit
offeringoffered
visiting
offer
visited
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel + One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(e)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
First syllable stressed
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preferredprefer
admitting admitted
preferring
admit
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel + One Consonant
YES
add -ed
(f)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
Second syllable stressed, double the consonant
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playedplay
enjoying enjoyed
playing
enjoy
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
keep the -y
(g)
vowel + -y
-y
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worriedworry
studying studied
worrying
study
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
-y + -ing
(h)
consonant + -y
-y
-i + -ed-y
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dieddie
tying tied
dying
tie
2-5 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
-y + -ing
(i)
-ie
-ie
add -d
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form ________
rain
-ED form ________
raining
rained
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form _________
study
-ED form _________
studying
studied
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CHAPTER CONTENT 2-5 Let’s Practice
-ING form _____lie
-ED form _____
lying
lied
Please don’t lie to me!
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They became friends.
2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE FORMRegular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishhopetry
Simple FormNo final –s, –ed, or –ing
seesinggo
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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE PASTRegular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishedhopedtried
Simple Past –ed for regular verbs
sawsangwent
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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PAST PARTICIPLERegular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishedhopedtried
Past Participle–ed for regular verbs
seensunggone
perfect tenses & passive
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2-6 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLERegular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishinghopingtrying
Present Participle–ing for all verbs
seeingsinginggoing
used with progressive tenses
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Somebody spent all my money.
2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: awake
SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken
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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: forget
SIMPLE PAST: forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten
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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: shave
SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven
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2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: throw
SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown
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2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: give
SIMPLE PAST: _____gave
PAST PARTICIPLE: _____given
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2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: sit
SIMPLE PAST: ___sat
PAST PARTICIPLE: ___sat
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2-7 Let’s Practice
SIMPLE FORM: think
SIMPLE PAST: _______thought
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______thought
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He ran to work yesterday.He was running when the bus drove by.
2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE SIMPLE PAST
X
(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this morning.
began and ended at particular time in the past
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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.(d) They were eating when I got home.
in progresswas/were + -ing
XX
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2-8 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.
when = at that timewhile = during that time
XX
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He wasn’t studying.
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
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was not talking.
wasn’t talking.
NEGATIVE
STATEMENT I-She-He-It
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
was talking.
You-We-They were talking.
I-She-He-It
You-We-They were not talking.
weren’t talking.
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QUESTION
SHORT ANSWER
I-she-he-it talking?Was
Yes,No,
2-9 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
you-we-they talking?Were
I-she-he-it was.I-she-he-it wasn’t.
Yes,No,
you-we-they were.you-we-they weren’t.
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2-9 Let’s Practice
Yesterday, the camels ___________ in the desert.
walk
were walking
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2-9 Let’s Practice
At 8:00, we began to work.
At 8:30, we ____________.
workwere working
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2-9 Let’s Practice
Spot __________ at Mac.
Mac _____________ at Spot.
was lookinglook
wasn’t looking
SpotMac
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
Our son called while we were using the computer.
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(a) time clause main clause
time clause main clause
time clausemain clause
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(b) main clause time clause
time clause main clause
time clausemain clause
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(c) I took a shower after I exercised.
(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.
afterbeforeuntilas soon aswhilewhen
subject and verb
a time clause
+ =
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(e) I exercised I took a shower.
(f) I exercised, I took a shower.
until = to that time and no longer
as soon as = immediately after
until
As soon as
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main clause + comma + time clause
When Mary came home, I was studying.
2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(g) Mary came home I was studying.
(h)
while
time clause + comma + main clause
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2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
First: I rang the doorbellThen: it played music
(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
when allows simple past in both clauses
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two actions at the same time
past progressive okay in both
2-10 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(j) She was learning to ski while he was playing golf.
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2-10 Let’s Practice
While we ___________, our children
____________ school.
attendwork
were working
were attending
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2-10 Let’s Practice
Lynn _________ while she __________ a book.
fall asleep
was reading
read
fell asleep
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2-10 Let’s Practice
First: I went shopping.Then: I put the food away.
After _____________, ________________.I went shopping I put the food away
________________ after ______________.I went shoppingI put the food away
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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
He used to be a baby, but now he is man with a family.
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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(a) I used to swim every afternoon. Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations no longer exist used to + simple form of a verb
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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon? (OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)
did + subject + used to
(OR did + subject + use to)
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2-11 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but now she loves it.
For negative ideas,never is more common.
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2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.
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The children used to swim in the ocean.The children used to swam in the ocean.
2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct? No
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2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?Were you used to ask questions in school?
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2-11 Let’s Practice
Correct?Were you used to ask questions in school?
No Did you used to ask questions in school?
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