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Chapter 3: Atoms & ElementsChapter 3: Atoms & Elements
Mixtures & Pure SubstancesMixtures & Pure Substances
Elements & SymbolsElements & Symbols
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
Atomic StructureAtomic Structure
IsotopesIsotopes
Electron Energy LevelsElectron Energy Levels
3
Classification of matterClassification of matter
MatterMatter
Pure Substance Mixture
Element Compound
FeFe FeSFeS
MgMg MgOMgO Mg + OMg + O22
Fe + SFe + S
4
Pizza
MixtureMixture
HomogeneousHomogeneous (Solution)(Solution)
HeterogeneousHeterogeneous
Fe + SFe + S
MixturesMixtures
NNoonn--uunniiffoorrmm ccoommppoossiittiioonnUniform compositionUniform composition
Air
UrineGasoline
Sand
Tea w/ice
5
VIIIA
Each element is assigned a unique symbolEach element is assigned a unique symbol1-2 letters; 1st is capitalized1-2 letters; 1st is capitalized
Atomic SymbolsAtomic Symbols
BromineNickel
HydrogenNitrogen
Aluminum
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Copper (Cuprum) CuGold (Aurum) AuIron (Ferrum) FeLead (Plumbum) PbMercury (Hydrargyrum) HgPotassium (Kalium) KSilver (Argentum) AgSodium (Natrium) NaTin (Stannum) SnTungsten (Wolfram) W
Atomic SymbolsAtomic SymbolsSome of the elements whose symbols are derived from other languages
7
VIIIA
Elements with same starting letter, get Elements with same starting letter, get second letter added to the symbolsecond letter added to the symbol
ChlorineChromium
Calcium
Carbon
Cobalt Copper (Cu)
Atomic SymbolsAtomic Symbols
B
8
Periodic Table: Groups (Families)Periodic Table: Groups (Families)
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa
He
RnAtPoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In XeITeSbSn
Ga KrBrSeAsGe
Al ArClSPSi
B NeFONC
I A
III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII B IB IIB
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Alkali Metals (exclude H) Alkali Metals (exclude H)
Alkali Metals (exclude H) Alkali Metals (exclude H)
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Halogens Halogens
Halogens Halogens
Noble (Inert) gases Noble (Inert) gases
Noble (Inert) gases Noble (Inert) gases
III A IV A V A VI A VIIA
VIIIA
II A
Transition Metals Transition Metals
Transition Metals Transition Metals
9
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Periods areassigned numbers
Periods areassigned numbers
Periodic Table: PeriodsPeriodic Table: Periods
10
At
Te
As
Si
B
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
MetalsMetalsMetalsMetals LustrousLustrous, , malleablemalleable and and ductileductile..
ConductorsConductors (heat & electricity) (heat & electricity)
SolidsSolids at room temp at room temp (except Hg)(except Hg)
Lose electronsLose electrons to non-metals. to non-metals.
LustrousLustrous, , malleablemalleable and and ductileductile..
ConductorsConductors (heat & electricity) (heat & electricity)
SolidsSolids at room temp at room temp (except Hg)(except Hg)
Lose electronsLose electrons to non-metals. to non-metals.
11
HeHe
RnRn
XeXeII
KrKrBrBrSeSe
ArArClClSS
NeNeFFOO
PP
NNCC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
Non-metalsNon-metalsNon-metalsNon-metals
GasGas, liquidliquid, solid (dull, brittle)solid (dull, brittle)
Poor conductors = Insulators
Many are diatomic molecules.
Gain e’s from metals
Share e’s with other non-metals
GasGas, liquidliquid, solid (dull, brittle)solid (dull, brittle)
Poor conductors = Insulators
Many are diatomic molecules.
Gain e’s from metals
Share e’s with other non-metals
12
He
Rn
XeI
KrBrSe
ArClS
NeFO
P
NC
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In SbSn
Ga Ge
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
At
Te
As
Si
B
MetalloidsMetalloidsMetalloidsMetalloids
Intermediate propertiesIntermediate properties
Semi conductors
Intermediate propertiesIntermediate properties
Semi conductors
13
H
Li
Na
Cs
Rb
K
TlHgAuHfLsBa
Fr
PtIrOsReWTa PoBiPb
Be
Mg
Sr
Ca
CdAgZrY PdRhRuTcMoNb
AcRa
ZnCuTiSc NiCoFeMnCrV
In Sn
Ga
Al
Gd
Cm
Tb
Bk
Sm
Pu
Eu
Am
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Ce
Th
Pr
Pa
Yb
No
Lu
Lr
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
HeHe
RnRn
XeXeII
KrKrBrBrSeSe
ArArClClSS
NeNeFFOO
PP
NNCC
Sb
Ge
At
Te
As
Si
B
MetalloidsMetalloidsMetalloidsMetalloids
MetalsMetalsMetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metalsNon-metalsNon-metals
14
A model of matterA model of matter
AtomAtom - The smallest unit of an element that is still that element.
MoleculeMolecule -The smallest unit of a pure substance that is still that substance.
May contain > 1 atom or elementMay contain > 1 atom or element.
ie. Aluminum (Al)ie. Aluminum (Al)
ie. Water (Hie. Water (H22O)O)
15
& neutronsneutrons
Structure of the atomStructure of the atom Nucleus = Nucleus =
Small, dense, ++ charge in the center of an atom.
contains
protonsprotons ++
++
++++
++ ++
16
Structure of the atomStructure of the atom NucleusNucleus
ElectronsElectrons
-- charged particles that surround the nucleus.
ElectronsElectrons move around nucleusnucleus in orbitalsorbitals.
17
Structure of the atomStructure of the atom
The nucleusnucleus is a small part of an atom.
If the nucleus was the sizeof a marble, the atom wouldfill a football stadium.
If the nucleus was the sizeof a marble, the atom wouldfill a football stadium.
The nucleus would weighover 10,000 tons.The nucleus would weighover 10,000 tons.
18
The atomic symbolThe atomic symbol
XAA
ZZ
A A = Mass number (amu)
= # protons# protons ++ # neutrons# neutrons
ZZ = Atomic number
= # protons# protons = # electrons# electrons
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
------
--
19
The atomic symbolThe atomic symbol
X1212
66
A A = Mass number
= # protons# protons ++ # neutrons# neutrons
ZZ = Atomic number
= # protons# protons = # electrons# electrons
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
------
--
6 6
20
The atomic symbolThe atomic symbol
CC1212
66
A A = Mass number
= # protons# protons ++ # neutrons# neutrons
ZZ = Atomic number
= # protons# protons = # electrons# electrons
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
------
--
21
The atomic symbolThe atomic symbol
Na2323
1111
A A = Mass # = p + n = 23
ZZ = Atomic # = p = 11
SodiumSodium
22
Ag107.87
Silver47 Atomic number
Name of the element
Elemental Symbol
Atomic mass (weight)Atomic mass (weight)
Atomic weightAtomic weight = The averageaverage, relative mass of an atom in an element.
Why is the atomic weight on the tables not a whole #?
23
Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of HydrogenIsotopes =Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but
having different masses.
11
21
31
++
H H H
++
--++
--
Protium99.99%99.99%
Deuterium0.01%0.01%
TritiumTrace %Trace %
--
24
Isotopes of HydrogenIsotopes of HydrogenIsotopes =Isotopes = Atoms of the same element but
having different masses.
11
21
31
++
H H H
--
++
--++
--
Average Atomic weightAverage Atomic weight of Hydrogen = 1.007941.00794 amuamu
H-1 or Hydrogen-1H-1 or Hydrogen-1 H-2 or Hydrogen-2H-2 or Hydrogen-2 H-3 or Hydrogen-3H-3 or Hydrogen-3
25
++++
++++
++ ++
Isotopes of CarbonIsotopes of Carbon
--
Average Atomic weightAverage Atomic weight of C= 12.01112.011 amuamu
98.89%98.89%
CC661212 CC66
1313CC66
1414
++++
++++
++ ++
--
1.11%1.11%
++++
++++
++ ++
--
Trace %Trace %
--
--
--
---- --
--
-- --
--
--
--
----
--
C-12 or Carbon-12C-12 or Carbon-12 C-13 or Carbon-13C-13 or Carbon-13 C-14 or Carbon-14C-14 or Carbon-14
26
Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes
CC661414
++++
++++
++ ++
--
--
--
----
--
31
++
H
--
Nucleus is unstableSo falls apart (decays)
Giving radioactive particles
Nucleus is unstableSo falls apart (decays)
Giving radioactive particles
27
The atomic symbol & isotopesThe atomic symbol & isotopes
Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following.
PP31311515 BaBa
138138 5656 UU
238238 9292
28
Atomic StructureAtomic Structure
Symbol At# Mass P N eSymbol At# Mass P N e––
____ ____ ____ 4 5 ___
Cl ____ 37 ___ ___ ___
Si ____ ____ ___ 14 ___
BeBe 44 9 9 44
1717 1717 20 1720 17
1414 28 28 1414 1414
29
Electron arrangementElectron arrangement
2288
18183232
Electronsfill layers
around nucleusLow High
Electronsfill layers
around nucleusLow High
Shells = Energy levelsShells = Energy levels
2424
1212MgMg
A new layer isadded for each row or period in the table.
A new layer isadded for each row or period in the table.
30
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
44
22HeHe
IAIA IIAIIA
99
44BeBe
31
1111
55 BB
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
IAIA IIAIIA IIIAIIIA
99
44BeBe
32
1111
55 BB1212
66 CC1313
77 NN
IIIAIIIA IVAIVA VAVA
33
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
44
22HeHe
99
44BeBe 2020
1010NeNe
2323
1111NaNa
2424
1212MgMg4040
1818ArAr
IAIA IIAIIA VIIIAVIIIA
34
3333
2424
1212MgMg
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
2323
1111NaNa
99
44BeBe 1111
55 BB
2727
1313AlAl
Valence electronsValence electronsWhere most chemical
Reactions occur.
1111
2222
Inner electronsInner electrons: No reactions if normal conditions.Inner electronsInner electrons: No reactions if normal conditions.
35
Inner vs. valence electronsInner vs. valence electrons
Valence electronsValence electronsThis is wheremost chemicalreactionsoccur.
Inner electronsInner electronsNot much happenshere under normalconditions.
With added energy inner electrons jump toWith added energy inner electrons jump to higher levels, then fall back giving Ehigher levels, then fall back giving E
36
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
44
22HeHe
99
44BeBe 2020
1010NeNe
2323
1111NaNa
2424
1212MgMg4040
1818ArAr
88881111
2222
37
11
11HH
77
33LiLi
2323
1111NaNa
Lewis StructuresLewis Structures
Show only Valence
Electrons
H
Li
Na
K
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