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Ecosystems Unit 6
Unit 6 – Ecosystems Vocabulary
1. Biotic factors2. Abiotic factors3. Biome4. Ecosystem5. Carrying capacity6. Limiting Factor7. Biodiversity8. Estuary9. Desert10. Grasslands11. Forests12. Coral Reef
13. Tundra14. Wetlands 15. Permafrost 16. Climax Community17. Primary Succession18. Secondary Succession19. Parasitism20. Predation21. Commensalism22. Mutualism23. Competition24. Invasive (nonnative)
species25. Native species
A large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plants and animal communities.
What is a biome?
Biomes are described by their vegetation ◦ plants that grow in an area determine the other
organisms that can live there Plants in a particular biome have
adaptations that allow the plants to survive in that biome.
These adaptations include◦ size◦ shape ◦ color
What determines a biome?
Biomes are defined by their plant life, but what factors determine which plants can grow in a certain area?
◦ The main factor is climate.◦ Climate varies with latitude and altitude.
Climate
Major Biomes
Fig. 4-5, p. 84
all of the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. ◦An ecosystem is much smaller than a
biome For example, in the forests there is the rotting
tree stump ecosystem, the forest floor ecosystem, the canopy ecosystem, etc. They are all a part of one biome - the deciduous forest biome.
What is an ecosystem?
In order to survive, ecosystems need at least five basic components.◦ Energy◦ Mineral nutrients◦ Water◦ Oxygen◦ Living organisms
The energy in most ecosystems comes from the sun.
Components of an Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of both living and nonliving things.
Biotic factorsare the living and once living parts of an ecosystem◦ including all of the plants and animals.
Abiotic Factors Are the nonliving parts of the ecosystem.◦ include air, water,rocks, sand, light, and
temperature.
Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
What are some biotic and abiotic factors?
Organism an individual living thing. You are an organism.
Species a group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate to produce fertile offspring.
All humans are members of the species Homo sapiens.
Population all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. ◦ Example, all the field mice in a corn field in
North Carolina make up one population of field mice.
◦ An important characteristic of a population is that its members usually breed with one another rather than with members of other populations
Ecological Organization
Every population is part of a Community. Community a group of various species that
live in the same place and interact with each other◦ A pond community, for example, includes all of
the populations of plants, fish, and insects that live in and around the pond. All of the living things in an ecosystem are members of the same community.
Ecological organization
A relationship in which two organisms live in close association is called Symbiosis.
There are 5 symbiotic relationships
Symbiosis
Competition is a relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource.◦ Each individual has less access to the resource and
so is harmed by the competition.◦ Intraspecific competition occurs within the same
species.◦ Interspecific competition occurs between different
species.
Which type is most fierce?
Competition
An organism that feeds on another organism is called a predator, and the organism that is fed upon is the prey.
Predation
An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on the other organism is a parasite.
The organism the parasite takes its nourishment from is known as the host.
Parasitism
A close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other is called mutualism. ◦ Certain species of bacteria in your intestines form
a mutualistic relationship with you. These bacteria help break down food that you could not otherwise digest or produce vitamins that your body cannot make. In return, you give the bacteria a warm, food-rich habitat.
Mutualism
A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped
Commensalism
Remoras have a commensal relationship with sharks. Remoras attach themselves to sharks in order to eat scraps from the sharks’ meals, or to hitch a ride elsewhere. The remoras cause neither benefit nor harm to the sharks. There are many examples of freeloaders and scavengers in nature.
How Ecosystems Change
Succession - a gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community.
Primary Successiono The change in a community that no ecosystem previously existed.
o Example: New Island
o Pioneer species: ◦ The first species to populate an area. (Ex. moss)
The first pioneer species to colonize the bare rock will probably be bacteria and lichens, which can live without soil
Primary Ecological Succession
Fig. 5-19, p. 119
Primary Succession
Secondary Successiono The series of community changes which take place after a disturbance to an existing ecosystem.
o Disturbance examples: ◦Fire◦Tornado◦Farming◦Mining
Annualweeds
Mature oak and hickory forestYoung pine forest
with developingunderstory of oakand hickory trees
Time
Shrubs andsmall pineseedlingsPerennial
weeds andgrasses
Stepped Art
Fig. 5-20, p. 120
Secondary Ecological Succession
A final and stable community dominated by few long-lived plant species and is in balance with its environment.
Climax Community
Native species – Species that normally live and thrive in an ecosystem
Invasive (nonnative) species – Species that migrate or are introduced into an ecosystem
Native vs. nonnative species
Most species introductions are beneficial◦ Food◦ Shelter◦ Medicine◦ Aesthetic enjoyment
Nonnative species may have no natural predators or competitors
A deliberately introduced species - The Kudzu Vine Imported from Japan to help control soil
erosion. Grows extremely rapidly and difficult to control or kill.
An accidentally introduced species – Argentina fire ant Accidentally introduced in Alabama on ships
from South America. No natural predators exist so they spread rapidly and kill other ant populations.
Fig. 9-11a, p. 200
Deliberately Introduced Species
Purple loosestrife
European starling
African honeybee (“Killer bee”)
Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk)
Marine toad (Giant toad)
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetleHydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig)
Fig. 9-11b, p. 200
Accidentally Introduced Species
Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant
Brown tree snake
Eurasian ruffe
Common pigeon (Rock dove)
Formosan termite
Zebra mussel
Asian long-horned beetle
Asian tiger mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
What are biomes? How are they described? Climates vary based on what? Know the 5 symbiotic relationships –
definition, examples, inter vs. Intra., etc. Invasive species – what are they, problems
with them, etc. Biotic and abiotic factors – examples from
list and picture. Limiting factors, carrying capacity Succession (primary vs. secondary), pioneer
species Read through ALL your notes!!
Study Guide
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