1. Basic Principles of Soil.pdf

( PENGERTIAN DASAR TANAH)

FUAD HARWADI Jl. Skip I No. 46

Tanjung Selor - 77211

Kab. Bulungan - KALTIM

Hp : 081252900070

Phone /Fax : 0552-2024090

e-mail : fuhar_71@yahoo.com

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( DESCRIPTION of SOIL )

PENGERTIAN TANAH

Tanah didefinisikan sebagai material yang terdiri dari agregat

(butiran) mineral padat yang tidak tersementasikan (terikat secara

kimia) satu sama lain dari bahan-bahan organik yang telah

melapuk disertai dengan zat cair dan gas mengisi ruang-ruang

kosong di antara partikel-partikel padat tersebut.

TANAH PENDUKUNG PONDASI DARI

BANGUNAN dan SEBAGAI MATERIAL

KONSTRUKSI

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

( SOIL PROBLEMS in CIVIL ENGINEERING)

PERMASALAHAN TANAH dalam TEKNIK SIPIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( SOIL FORMATION and SOIL DEPOSITS )

PEMBENTUKAN dan KANDUNGAN TANAH

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Tanah merupakan hasil pelapukan batuan Dikelompokkan dalam 2 group besar, yaitu:

a. Tanah yang terjadi oleh penumpukan produk pelapukan batuan

ditempat asalnya : TANAH RESIDU = residual soils

b. Tanah yang terjadi oleh produk pelapukan yang kemudian terbawa ke tempat lain : TANAH SEDIMEN = transported soils

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

A. TANAH RESIDU (RESIDUAL SOIL):

-------------------------- Tanah yang

Terbentuk oleh

penumpukan produk

pelapukan batuan

ditempat Asalnya.

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

b.1. Tanah glacial

Terbentuk karena produk pelapukan

terangkut dan terdeposisi oleh

es atau oleh gletser

(sungai es).

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

b.2. Tanah aeolian

Terbentuk

karena produk pelapukan terangkut

dan terdeposisi

oleh

angin

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

b.3. Tanah aluvial

Terbentuk

karena

produk pelapukan terangkut

oleh

air dan

terdeposisi sepanjang sungai

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( SOIL TEXTURE & PARTICLE SHAPE)

TEKSTUR TANAH & BENTUK PARTIKEL

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (Robert D. Holtz & William D.Kovacs, 1981)

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

PARTIKEL TANAH

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

( SOIL MINERALOGY)

MINERAL TANAH

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)

MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG

( CLAY MINERALS)

MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG

PASIR (SAND)

LANAU (SILT)

GAMBUT (PEAT)

KERIKIL (GRAVEL)

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)

MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG

Karakter fisik ditentukan terutama oleh :

Ukuran partikel

Bentuk

Texture permukaan

Distribusi ukuran

Material ini dihasilkan dari suatu proses pelapukan dan

pecahnya batuan lama karena pengaruh cuaca.

Jenis mineral yang paling banyak terdapat dalam tanah

adalah QUARTZ.

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Gambar Bentuk Pasir

dan Partikel Lanau.

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

Merupakan koloid yg sangat kecil < 0,002 mm

Partikel lempung berbentuk seperti lembaran/lempengan

yg memiliki struktur atom yang berulang dan permukaan

yang khusus, sehingga tanah lempung sangat

dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya permukaan.

SUSUNAN TANAH LEMPUNG

Susunan kebanyakan tanah lempung terdiri dari :

Silika Tetrahedra ( 1 silikon + 4 Oksigen)

Aluminium Oktahedra ( 1 Aluminium + 6 Oksigen)

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

( CLAY MINERALS)

MINERAL LEMPUNG

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

Gambar SILIKIA TETRAHEDRA

(a) Tetrahedron ; (b) Silica Sheet

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

Gambar ALUMINIUM OKTAHEDRA

(c) Octahedron ; (d) Alumina Sheet

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL YANG DOMINAN :

JENIS MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Mineral Formulasi Struktural

Kaolinite Si2 Al2 O5 (OH)4

Illite Si3.5 Al0.5 (Mg2 Fe) O10 (OH)2 K0.7

Monmorillonite / Bentonite Si4 (Al1.7 Mg0.3 ) O10 (OH)2 K0.3

Dan lain-lain.

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

K A O L I N I T E

Diagram of the structure of

kaolinite

Electron photomicrograph of well-crystallized

kaolinite from St Austell, Cornwall, England.

Picture width is 17m ( Tovey,1971).

• Ukuran : < 2µm

• Particle Shape : Platy

• Thick of layer : 7 Å

• Specific Surface : ± 20 m2/g

• Specific Gravity : 2.60

• PI : 1 – 40 %

• Thixotropie : Weak

• Swelling : NOT

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

I L L I T E

• Particle size : < 2µm

• Particle Shape : Platy

• Thick of layer : 10 - 12 Å

• Specific Surface : ± 115 m2/g

• Specific Gravity : 2.80

• PI : 20 – 50 %

• Thixotropie : Weak

• Swelling : WEAK Diagram of the structure of Illite

Scanning electron photomicrograph of illite-

smectite clay in a tight gas reservoir pore

space. Clays in the tight rocks complicate

interpretation of reservoir quality and can

impede gas recovery. Bar is 10 micrometers

long.

Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

of SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture & Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

MONTMORILLONITE

• Ukuran : < 0,5 µm

• Particle Shape : Platy

• Thick of layer : 11 - 15 Å

• Specific Surface : ± 80 m2/g

• Specific Gravity : 2.65 – 2.80

• PI : 300 – 600 %

• Thixotropie : High

• Swelling : HIGH

Scanning Electron photomicrograph of

monmorillonite (bentonite)

Diagram of the structure of

monmorillonite