1 A Primer on Metadata Standards From Dublin Core to IEEE LOM Rory McGreal Julia Innes Toni Roberts...

A Primer on Metadata StandardsFrom Dublin Core to IEEE LOM

Rory McGrealJulia InnesToni RobertsTeleEducation NB

2TeleCampusTeleCampus

How didHow didstandardstandardssdevelop?develop?

I never met a meta metadata I ever really liked. (Dorman, 1999)

Like any early inception of any Like any early inception of any standard, just understanding standard, just understanding the landscape is difficult. the landscape is difficult. (Luh, 1999)(Luh, 1999)

What is METADATAWhat is METADATA??

datadata about about datadata

Example: Example: January 31, January 31, 20012001

31 janvier 31 janvier 20012001

2001-01-312001-01-3101-31-200001-31-20003101200031012000

Metadata standards are agreed-on Metadata standards are agreed-on criteria for describing data to support criteria for describing data to support interoperabilityinteroperability

Author: Author: B

anathy,B.H.

Year: 1973

Title: Developing a Systems View of

Education: The Systems-Model Approach

Publisher: Lear Siegleer, Inc./Fearon

Publishers

Objective:Objective:

SubjectiveSubjective

Factual information – e. g. author, subject, cost, codeFactual information – e. g. author, subject, cost, code

Attributes: opinions e. g. evaluation of a moduleAttributes: opinions e. g. evaluation of a module varied & variable informationvaried & variable information

Learning objectsLearning objects

any entities, digital or non-any entities, digital or non-digital, which can be used or digital, which can be used or referenced in technology-referenced in technology-supported learningsupported learning. . Modular

Modular

ScormScorm

AdaptAdaptableableAffordAffordableableAssessAssessableableAccessAccessibleibleDiscoverDiscoverableableDurDurableableInterchangeInterchangeableableInteroperInteroperableableManageManageableableRe-usRe-usableableReliReliableable Adapted from Parmentier, 1999Adapted from Parmentier, 1999

ScormScorm

LessonLesson

ModulModulee

ComponeComponentnt

CourseCourse

ProgrammProgrammee

Why learning objects?Why learning objects?

From custom-made to

Mass production to

Mass-customization

Why learning objects?Why learning objects?

One size fits all Tailored Generic Focused Just-in-case Just-in-time

FROM TO

Why learning objects?Why learning objects?• COST: 1000s of colleges have common course topics

• large numbers of courses are going online

• World does not need 1000s of similar learning topics

• World needs only about a dozen

• Expensive to develop so sharing is essential

(From Downes, 2000)

Design courses as a

collection of learning

objects NOT HTML

Who inputs METADATAWho inputs METADATA?? Two Camps:Two Camps:

• Internal referencedInternal referenced - Users - Users input their own metadatainput their own metadata• External referencedExternal referenced – – Professionals input metadataProfessionals input metadata

• number of electronic objects is growing rapidlynumber of electronic objects is growing rapidly• metadata required is too much for third-party metadata required is too much for third-party indexersindexers

METADATA characteristicsMETADATA characteristics

1.1. a data dictionary of commonly defined a data dictionary of commonly defined elements;elements;

2.2. a method for manipulating and a method for manipulating and communicating elements communicating elements electronically;electronically;

3.3. rules for identifying and extracting rules for identifying and extracting content;content;

4.4. an official standards body;an official standards body;5.5. tools for creating, transmitting, and tools for creating, transmitting, and

storing.storing.Ahronheim (1998) Ahronheim (1998)

METADATA conditionsMETADATA conditions

• Mandatory fields (small Mandatory fields (small subset)subset)

• Optional fieldsOptional fields• ExtensibleExtensible• International interoperabilityInternational interoperability

Adapted from Griffin and Wason Adapted from Griffin and Wason

(1997)(1997)

METADATA challengesMETADATA challengesToo much concern with Too much concern with FIELDS FIELDS NOTNOT enough with enough with TERMSTERMS • Fields need a common terminologyFields need a common terminology

• DDescribed by a content expert BUTescribed by a content expert BUT• TERMS must fit into a universe of knowledgeTERMS must fit into a universe of knowledgeAND AND • Not be only useful to content expertsNot be only useful to content experts

• Cross-searching requires compatible Cross-searching requires compatible vocabulariesvocabularies

What is RDF?What is RDF?((RResource esource DDescription escription FFramework)ramework)

An infrastructure enabling the An infrastructure enabling the encoding, exchange, and reuse encoding, exchange, and reuse of structured metadata of structured metadata (Bearman et (Bearman et

al., 1999)al., 1999) RDF is syntax independent, and RDF is syntax independent, and can be expressed in both XML and can be expressed in both XML and HTML. HTML. -- World Wide Web -- World Wide Web

ConsortiumConsortium

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/

What is RDF?What is RDF?((RResource esource DDescription escription FFramework)ramework)

• Uses a refined XML vocabularyUses a refined XML vocabulary• Consists of nodes with attached pairsConsists of nodes with attached pairs• Nesting is used Nesting is used

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/

RDF:RDF: Author: name: R. McGrealAuthor: name: R. McGreal email: email: rory@telecampus.edurory@telecampus.edu

phone: 506444-4230phone: 506444-4230

What is XMLWhat is XML??(e(eXXtended tended MMarkup arkup LLanguage)anguage)

• Extends HTML without complexities of Extends HTML without complexities of SGMLSGML• XML is the underlying syntax for the XML is the underlying syntax for the transport of informationtransport of information for exchanging for exchanging structured datastructured data

SStandardtandardGGeneraleneralMMarkup arkup LLanguageanguage

HTMLHTML

XMLXMLSGMLSGML

http://www.w3.org/XML/http://www.w3.org/XML/

What is XMLWhat is XML??

• any level of complexityany level of complexity• functions without the serverfunctions without the server• vendor independentvendor independent• user extensibleuser extensible• validation & human readabilityvalidation & human readability

Warning: possible Warning: possible Pandora's box Pandora's box of incompatible metatagsof incompatible metatags

Why XMLWhy XML??

• standardized • uses schemas • machine-readable • two entities can use the same data

<ASSERTIONS> href=“http://www…”><ASSERTIONS> href=“http://www…”> <author><author> <RESOURCE><RESOURCE> <name>Rory McGreal</name><name>Rory McGreal</name> <email>rory@telecampus.edu</email><email>rory@telecampus.edu</email> <phone>5064444230</phone><phone>5064444230</phone> </RESOURCE></RESOURCE> <author><author></ASSERTIONS></ASSERTIONS>

Metadata and RDF/XMLMetadata and RDF/XML

Metadata =Metadata =semantics & resourcessemantics & resources

RDF = structureRDF = structure

XML = syntaxXML = syntax

METADATA standardsMETADATA standards

• Dublin CoreDublin Core• IMSIMS• ARIADNEARIADNE• IEEE LTSC LOMIEEE LTSC LOM• ADL SCORMADL SCORM• ISO 11179ISO 11179

CanCorCanCoree

METADATA standards 2METADATA standards 2

• AICCAICC• ALIC (Japan)ALIC (Japan)• CENCEN• Cisco RLOCisco RLO• MARC 21 MARC 21 (MARBI & (MARBI & OAI)OAI)

• Msoft LRNMsoft LRN• Warwick Warwick FrameworkFramework• Z39.5Z39.5• EMLEML

METADATA METADATA standards agreementstandards agreement

December 6, 2000December 6, 2000"Ready access to comprehensive repositories of "Ready access to comprehensive repositories of metadata is the metadata is the critical factorcritical factor at the inflection at the inflection point of the next generation of learning and point of the next generation of learning and knowledge creation. However, this will require that knowledge creation. However, this will require that metadata be highly metadata be highly interoperable and reusable interoperable and reusable worldwide.worldwide. This agreement marks a major step This agreement marks a major step toward realizing this vision."toward realizing this vision."

-- -- Wayne Hodgins, Chair of the IEEE Wayne Hodgins, Chair of the IEEE LTSCLTSC

LOM Working GroupLOM Working Group

Dublin CoreDublin Core. . . the HTML of Web metadata . . . the HTML of Web metadata

(Bearman et al., 1999)(Bearman et al., 1999) . . . lingua franca for metadata, . . . at a . . . lingua franca for metadata, . . . at a

basic level basic level (Milstead & Feldman, (Milstead & Feldman, 1999)1999)

. . . the most broadly based consensus . . . the most broadly based consensus on resource description on the Web"on resource description on the Web" (Weibel, 1999)(Weibel, 1999)

http://purl.oclc.org/dc/http://purl.oclc.org/dc/

Dublin CoreDublin Core

• coexists with other metadata setscoexists with other metadata sets • all elements are optionalall elements are optional • all elements are syntax-all elements are syntax-independentindependent

• tagged in HTML, raw XML, or tagged in HTML, raw XML, or RDF/XML RDF/XML

Dublin Core FieldsDublin Core Fields

Title Creator SubjectDescription Publisher ContributorDate Type FormatIdentifier Source LanguageRelation Coverage Rights

All fields are All fields are optional, none are optional, none are mandatorymandatory

IMSIMSEducause: IEducause: Instructional nstructional MManagement anagement SSystem??ystem??

1.1. catalyst for development of catalyst for development of instructional software instructional software

2.2. creation of an online management creation of an online management infrastructure for learning infrastructure for learning

3.3. facilitation of collaborative learning facilitation of collaborative learning activitiesactivities

4.4. certificationcertification

MANDATEMANDATE

Members:Members: Apple, Cisco,ETS, IBM, Apple, Cisco,ETS, IBM, Indust.Canada, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun, US Indust.Canada, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun, US Defense,etc.Defense,etc.

Partners: Partners: ARIADNE (Europe), NIST ARIADNE (Europe), NIST LOM,LOM,

IMS Metadata SchemaIMS Metadata Schema

• incorporates & extends Dublin Coreincorporates & extends Dublin Core• mandatory fieldsmandatory fields• simple controlled vocabularysimple controlled vocabulary• sets dictionary values sets dictionary values • reference schemas reference schemas • domain-specific taxonomiesdomain-specific taxonomies• RDF/XML RDF/XML

NOT just a metadata schemaNOT just a metadata schema

http://imsproject.comhttp://imsproject.com

ARIADNEARIADNEAAlliance of lliance of RRemote emote IInstructional nstructional AAuthoring uthoring and and DDistribution istribution NNetworks for etworks for EEuropeurope

• fosters the sharing and reuse of electronic fosters the sharing and reuse of electronic pedagogical material, by universities and pedagogical material, by universities and corporations.corporations.• a Europe-wide repository for pedagogical a Europe-wide repository for pedagogical documents (Knowledge Pool System)documents (Knowledge Pool System)• co-author of IMS Metadata structureco-author of IMS Metadata structure

http://ariadne.unil.ch/http://ariadne.unil.ch/

IEEE LTSC LOM IEEE LTSC LOM P1484.12P1484.12

• To enable learners or instructors to search, evaluate, acquire, and use Learning Objects

• focus on the minimal set of properties focus on the minimal set of properties neededneeded

IInstitute for nstitute for EElectrical and lectrical and EElectronics lectronics EEngineersngineersLLearning earning TTechnologies echnologies SStandards tandards CCommitteeommitteeLLearning earning OObject bject MManagement anagement PProtocolrotocol

MANDATEMANDATE

http://ltsc.ieee.org/http://ltsc.ieee.org/index.htmlindex.html

ADL SCORMADL SCORM

• a set of interrelated technical specifications a set of interrelated technical specifications built upon the work of the AICC, IMS and built upon the work of the AICC, IMS and IEEE to create one unified content modelIEEE to create one unified content model• It incorporates XMLIt incorporates XML• supported by US Dept. of Defense supported by US Dept. of Defense

http://www.adlnet.org/Scorm/http://www.adlnet.org/Scorm/

AAdvanced dvanced DDistributed istributed LLearning Network earning Network SSharable harable CCourseware ourseware OObject bject RReference eference MModelodel

Roger St-Pierre Roger St-Pierre GrandfatherGrandfather

CLEO CLEO LabLab• one-year research collaboration between one-year research collaboration between corporations corporations • ADL SCORMADL SCORM• focused, applied research on technical and focused, applied research on technical and pedagogical issuespedagogical issues

http://www.cleolab.org/http://www.cleolab.org/

Customized Learning Experiences Online

Cisco Systems, Click2Learn, IBM Mindspan Cisco Systems, Click2Learn, IBM Mindspan Solutions, Microsoft and NETgSolutions, Microsoft and NETg

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36

International Standards International Standards Organization Organization Information Technology for Learning, Education, & Information Technology for Learning, Education, & TrainingTraining• standardization in IT for learningstandardization in IT for learning• support individuals, groups, or support individuals, groups, or organizationsorganizations• enable interoperability & reusability of enable interoperability & reusability of resources & toolsresources & tools

External Liaisons:External Liaisons: • IEEE/LTSC (Learning Technology Standards (Learning Technology Standards Committee) Committee) • CEN/ISSS/LTWS (Learning Technology Workshop) (Learning Technology Workshop)

http://jtc1sc36.org/#terms_of_referencehttp://jtc1sc36.org/#terms_of_reference

AICCAICC

Provides guidelines for Provides guidelines for interoperability for systems to interoperability for systems to share data onlineshare data online

http://aicc.org/http://aicc.org/

AAviation viation IIndustry ndustry CCBT (Computer-Based Training) BT (Computer-Based Training) CCommitteeommittee

AICC Guidelines & Recommendations (AGR)

ALICALICAdvanced Learning Advanced Learning Infrastructure Infrastructure Committee (Japan)Committee (Japan)

• works with other international works with other international standards bodies for metadatastandards bodies for metadata

• facilitates interoperabilityfacilitates interoperability

http://www.alic.gr.jp/http://www.alic.gr.jp/

CEN/ISSSCEN/ISSS E U R O P E A N C O M M I T T E E F O R S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O NE U R O P E A N C O M M I T T E E F O R S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O N

Information Society Standardization SystemInformation Society Standardization System

• formal and informal standardization formal and informal standardization • full standards to best-practice agreements full standards to best-practice agreements • employs an open, transparent consensus mechanism employs an open, transparent consensus mechanism • direct industry participation & consumer interests direct industry participation & consumer interests • not pushing a particular solution or technologynot pushing a particular solution or technology• a wide constituency of interested parties a wide constituency of interested parties • flexible methods of working and flexible deliverablesflexible methods of working and flexible deliverables

http://www.cenorm.be/isss/http://www.cenorm.be/isss/

Cisco Systems Cisco Systems RLO/RIORLO/RIO

Re-usable Learning Objects/Re-usable Learning Objects/ Re-usable Information Re-usable Information ObjectsObjects

• 7 (+ or – 2) chunked reusable information 7 (+ or – 2) chunked reusable information objectsobjects• forms a complete lessonforms a complete lesson• incorporates metadataincorporates metadata

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/learning/779/ibs/solutions/learning/whitepapers/whitepapers/

Microsoft LRNMicrosoft LRN

• Implementation IMS content packaging specification v1.0

• more than a metadata implementation that incorporates IMS metadata

http://www.microsoft.com/elearn/support.asphttp://www.microsoft.com/elearn/support.asp

LLearning earning RResource Iesource INNterchangeterchange

LRN Toolkit v. 2.0

OAIOAI

• develops and promotes interoperability develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of contentdissemination of content as a means of increasing as a means of increasing the availability of scholarly communicationthe availability of scholarly communication

• Digital Library Federation and the and the Coalition for Networked Information

http://www.openarchives.org/http://www.openarchives.org/

Open Archives Initiative

Warwick FrameworkWarwick Framework

• a higher-level context for the Dublin a higher-level context for the Dublin CoreCore• nests components (packages) in nests components (packages) in containerscontainers• facilitates interoperabilityfacilitates interoperability• permits selective access & permits selective access & manipulation of datamanipulation of data WARNING: It can create complexity WARNING: It can create complexity

that is not needed.that is not needed. (Lagoze, 1996)(Lagoze, 1996)

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july96/lagoze/07lagoze.htmlhttp://www.dlib.org/dlib/july96/lagoze/07lagoze.html

Learning ObjectLearning ObjectRepositoriesRepositories

• GEMGEM• JA-SIGJA-SIG• MERLOTMERLOT

TeleCampusTeleCampus

EMLEMLEducational Modeling LanguageEducational Modeling Language

• Notational system codifying units of study Notational system codifying units of study (e.g. courses, components, programmes)(e.g. courses, components, programmes)

• Describes roles, relations, interactions & Describes roles, relations, interactions & activitiesactivities

• Expressed in XMLExpressed in XML

• Supports IMS, SCORM, – more Supports IMS, SCORM, – more comprehensivecomprehensive

GEMGEM

• The Gateway, a an example repository or catalog• set of metadata standards and technical mechanisms• "one-stop, any-stop" access to uncatalogued educational materials• consortium of 200 + orgs. & individuals• a project of the U.S. Dept. of Education, ERIC http://www.geminfo.org/http://www.geminfo.org/

GGateway to ateway to EEducational ducational MMaterialsaterials

http://www.thegateway.org/

JA-SIGJA-SIGJJava in ava in AAdministration dministration SSpecial pecial IInterest nterest GGrouproup

• like Merlot: like Merlot: a collection interactive online a collection interactive online learning materialslearning materials• an example of a learning object repositoryan example of a learning object repository• does not adhere to universal metadata does not adhere to universal metadata standards standards

http://www.mis2.udel.edu/ja-sig/http://www.mis2.udel.edu/ja-sig/

MerlotMerlotMMultimedia ultimedia EEducational ducational RResource for esource for LLearning and earning and OOnline nline TTeachingeachingCalifornia State University system’s Distributed Learning and California State University system’s Distributed Learning and Teaching Initiative & Multimedia Repository InitiativeTeaching Initiative & Multimedia Repository Initiative• a collection of high quality interactive online a collection of high quality interactive online learning materials & peoplelearning materials & people• an example of a learning object repositoryan example of a learning object repository• does not adhere to universal metadata does not adhere to universal metadata standards standards

http://www.merlot.orghttp://www.merlot.org

TeleCampusTeleCampus

http://telecampus.edu

• A metadata repository • Conforms to international metadata standards. • Houses only the metadata• Does NOT house actual lessons, modules, or courses • Links to the institutions that own the courses

Online Course DirectoryOnline Course Directory

• +45 000 online courses+45 000 online courses• + 30 countries, +12 languages+ 30 countries, +12 languages• +3 500 free courses+3 500 free courses

Canadian Core Fields and Canadian Core Fields and VocabularyVocabulary

• a metadata protocola metadata protocol• an interpretation and simplification ofan interpretation and simplification of the 86 elements of the IMS Modelthe 86 elements of the IMS Model • FULL compatibility with IEEE LOMFULL compatibility with IEEE LOM

http://www.careo.org/cancorehttp://www.careo.org/cancore http://teleeducation.nb.ca/CanCorehttp://teleeducation.nb.ca/CanCore

CanCorCanCoree

International Metadata International Metadata Standard for Learning Standard for Learning ObjectsObjectsIEEE LOM P1484.12IEEE LOM P1484.12

Expressed through RDF> Expressed through RDF> XML/SGMLXML/SGML

IMS/ARIADNE/SCORMIMS/ARIADNE/SCORM

Dublin CoreDublin Core

CanCorCanCoree vocabularyvocabulary

Metadata and Metadata and RDF RDF implementationimplementation

RDF = structureRDF = structure

XML or AICCXML or AICC

Metadata =Metadata =semantics & resourcessemantics & resources

Cancore = delimited fields & vocabulary

POOLPOOL

• A customizable, A customizable, intelligent, learning intelligent, learning content management content management systemsystem•A learning object A learning object repository repository

Portal for Objects Oriented to LearningPortal for Objects Oriented to Learning

POOLPOOL

MetadataMetadataDirectoryDirectory

RepositoryRepository

RepositoryRepositoryRepositoryRepository

POOLPOOL

ConceptConcept

LearningLearningObjectObject

LessonLesson

ConceptsConcepts

CourseCourse

ProgrammeProgramme

MetadataMetadata

MetadatMetadataa

MetadataMetadata

System Administration and SupportSystem Administration and Support

Instructor/AuthorContent ProviderResearcherContent editorStudent

Link to WAN

WEB Delivery

Content Hosting and ManagementContent Hosting and Management

Raw ContentUnsanctioned

ApprovedLearning Objects

Best Of BreedContent Pool

National DLCourse Pool

Learning Tools Pooland Forum

MIDDLEWAREObject Search Engines,Custom views, by user typeIntelligent Agent,Content Adaptation Model,Rights Management, Work FlowEducational Content, Classification Schema

Learning SolutionsIdea Factory

Learning Tools Pooland Forum

POOLPOOL

POOL Metadata ProjectPOOL Metadata Project

Specifications for applying IMS to POOL learning Specifications for applying IMS to POOL learning objects including:objects including:

•A base schema & schemas for describing video, A base schema & schemas for describing video, audio, and still images at different levels of audio, and still images at different levels of granularitygranularity

•Application of schema to the TeleCampus online Application of schema to the TeleCampus online course databasecourse database

NNew Brunswick Distance Education Network Inc.ew Brunswick Distance Education Network Inc.University of New Brunswick Electronic Text CentreUniversity of New Brunswick Electronic Text Centre

ApplicationsApplications

http://www.knowledgemechanics.com

http://www.integreator.com/

http://www.mentergy.com/products/authoring_design/designer/

IntegreatorIntegreator Designer’sDesigner’sEdgeEdge

KnowledgeKnowledgeMechanicsMechanics

MARC MARC 2121

• librarylibrary standards for the representation and standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form information in machine-readable form

• three elements: the record three elements: the record structurestructure, the , the content designationcontent designation, and the data , and the data contentcontent of of the recordthe record

http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/

MAMAchine-chine-RReadable eadable CCataloging ataloging record record

Machine-Readable Machine-Readable Bibliographic Bibliographic Information Committee Information Committee (MARBI)(MARBI)

Z39.5Z39.500

• an information retrieval protocol that supports an information retrieval protocol that supports communication among different information communication among different information systemssystems• works with MARC recordsworks with MARC records• used by librariansused by librarians

http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/

What is RSS?What is RSS?

• a generalised format for a generalised format for online resources online resources •expresses all vocabularies expresses all vocabularies with one model and syntax with one model and syntax • schema can work in XMLschema can work in XML

Warning: RDF does not solve Warning: RDF does not solve interoperability problems with legacy interoperability problems with legacy metadata AND a variety of RDF metadata AND a variety of RDF description schemas are possibledescription schemas are possible

RRDF DF SSite ite SSummaryummary

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rss-dev/files/namespace.htmlhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/rss-dev/files/namespace.html

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